In-service teachers and attention to students with physical disability: training, concerns and needs

The purpose of the study was to delve into the training of an in-service Physical Education Teachers (PET) in schools where students with a physical disability attend, their concerns and needs, as well as the relationship with other professionals. The participants were 57 in-service teachers and 3 physiotherapists (PT). The data were gathered from questionnaires from all the teachers and an interview of 8 PET and 3 PT. The results indicate they need to improve their training, and, in varying degrees, in such areas as certain sports, learning tasks and curriculum adaptations. The study reveals PT ensure that exercises are conducted which benefit students with disability and not those types which are designed for non-disabled students. Furthermore, teachers’ perception of a lack of training results in feeling unable to deal with students with disability, and becoming dependent on the PT

COORDENAÇÃO ENTRE PROFESSORES DE EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA E FISIOTERAPEUTA DURANTE AULAS DE EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA: O CASO DA COMUNIDADE AUTÔNOMA DE MADRID NA ESPANHA

The purpose of this study was to determine and analyse Physical Education (PE) teachers’ perceptions about inclusion of students with physical disabilities in regular PE classes and how such inclusion could be improved by the contribution of other professionals. The information was obtained through a questionnaire administered to 56 PE teachers and an interview with nine PE teachers and four physical therapists. The results reveal PE teachers’ concern and uncertainty about providing quality attention to students with physical disabilities in their classes and their demand for specific training and support in class. They see the need for support from professionals such as Physical Therapists’ when working with students with motor disabilities. We suggest further examination of the barriers faced by both professionals, their views on PE teachers and the physical therapists’ role, as well as their willingness to collaborate with each other. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar y analizar las percepciones del profesorado de educación física que imparte clases al alumnado con discapacidad en las clases inclusivas de Educación Física y cómo mejorar esa inclusión cuando se colabora con el fisioterapeuta. Se obtuvo la información mediante un cuestionario administrado a 56 profesores, que se completó con entrevistas a nueve de ellos y a cuatro fisioterapeutas. Los resultados muestran la preocupación e incertidumbre del profesorado sobre cómo atender al alumnado con discapacidad para poder ofrecer una educación inclusiva de calidad y la demanda de capacitación y apoyos específicos en sus clases. El profesorado considera necesario el apoyo del fisioterapeuta como profesional adecuado para ayudar al alumnado con discapacidad motriz. Sugerimos seguir examinando las barreras de ambos profesionales, sus concepciones de EF y el papel del fisioterapeuta, así como su disposición a colaborar entre ellos. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar e analisar as percepções dos professores que lecionam Educação Física (EF) a alunos com deficiência nas classes inclusivas de EF e como melhorar essa inclusão ao colaborar com o fisioterapeuta. A informação foi obtida através de um questionário administrado a 56 professores, que foi completado com entrevistas com nove deles e quatro fisioterapeutas. Os resultados mostram a preocupação e a incerteza dos professores sobre como servir os alunos com deficiência, a fim de oferecer uma educação de qualidade inclusiva e treinamento de demanda e suporte específico em suas aulas. Professores consideram necessário receber apoio de profissionais, como o fisioterapeuta, para que possam ajudar os alunos com deficiência motora. Sugerimos continuar a examinar as barreiras de ambos os profissionais, suas concepções de professores de EF e o papel do fisioterapeuta, bem como a sua vontade de colaborar entre si.

Correlatos de Educación Física medidos objetivamentes en adolescentes con síndrome de Down : Estudio UP & DOWN

Introduction: correlates of physical activity (PA) have not been explored in adolescents with Down syndrome (DS). Understanding correlates of PA could provide information to develop strategies to increase levels of PA in this target population. Objective: the aim of this study was to identify potential correlates of PA in adolescents with DS. Method: information about levels of PA and their potential correlates was collected in 98 adolescents with DS (63 males, aged 11-20 years) using accelerometers and proxy-reported questionnaires. Analysis of covariance and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to examine correlates of PA. Result: our findings showed that participant’s age and socioeconomic status were associated with levels of PA as non-modifiable correlates. Also, parental support, father PA, television-viewing time with siblings and with friends were associated with levels of PA as modifiable correlates. Discussion and conclusion: both modifiable and non-modifiable factors are associated with levels of PA in adolescents with DS. Therefore, a better understanding of correlates of PA could contribute to develop strategies on PA promotion in adolescents with DS.Introducción: los correlatos de actividad física (AF) no han sido estudiados en adolescentes con síndrome de Down (SD). Entendiendo los correlatos de AF se podría aportar información para desarrollar estrategias para incrementar los niveles de AF en esta población diana. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue identificar correlatos de AF en adolescentes con SD. Métodos: la información de los niveles de AF y sus potenciales correlatos fue recogida en 98 adolescentes con SD (63 hombres, con edades comprendidas entre 11-20 años), usando acelerómetros y cuestionarios proxy-reportados. Se utilizó análisis de covarianza y análisis de regresión lineal múltiple para examinar los correlatos de AF. Resultados: nuestros resultados muestran que la edad y el estatus socioeconómico de los participantes fue asociado con niveles de AF como correlatos no modificables. Además, el apoyo de los padres, la AF del padre y el tiempo dedicado a ver la televisión con hermanos y amigos fueron asociados con niveles de AF como correlatos modificables. Discusión y conclusión: ambos factores modificables y no modificables se asocian con niveles de AF en adolescentes con SD. Por lo tanto, una mejor comprensión de los correlatos de AF podría contribuir a desarrollar estrategias de promoción de la AF en adolescentes con SD

WBV ON THE UPPER LIMB PERFORMANCE IN COMPLETE SPINAL CORD INJURY

Background: individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) need upper limbs during activities of daily living that include transferring and propelling a wheelchair. A single session of Whole-body Vibration (WBV) has shown positive impact on musculoskeletal performance. Objective: To investigate the effects of one single session of WBV over the upper limb function in complete SCI during the execution of functional tasks. Design: Individuals with SCI have performed three functional tasks: a timed push up test, grip strength and throw ball test before and after a session of WBV. Participants: 15 individuals with complete SCI were recruited for this study. Interventions: WBV was composed of one single session, five series of thirty seconds vibration with one-minute rest between. The push up test consisted of attempting a maximum number of repetitions during a fifteen second work period followed by a forty-five second rest period. Grip strength was assessed using a handheld dynamometer. Throw ball test consisted on launching a 2Kg medicine ball as afar as possible. Results: WBV statistically improved performance in all three functional tasks. Conclusions: one single session of WBV can improve upper limb performance in complete SCI.   Article visualizations

EFFECTS OF WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION DURING WHEELCHAIR PROPULSION IN INDIVIDUALS WITH COMPLETE SPINAL CORD INJURY

Background: Push the manual wheelchair is one of the most important activities to the wheelchair users like individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). The excessive or bad use of the upper limb would lead to biomechanical issues and pain. Whole-body vibration applied by vibratory platform (WBV) has been showing great results increasing muscular performance of the upper limb. Although researches regarding the influence of WBV on activity of the upper limb muscles are unclear due to contradictory findings and dissimilar protocols. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of one single session of WBV increasing muscular performance during the propulsion of the wheelchair in SCI. Methods: Fifteen complete SCI were recruited and performed wheelchair propulsion test that consists in to push the manual wheelchair in a 10 meters path as fast as possible. Average speed, push frequency (cadence) and time of displacement were measured before and after WBV intervention. WBV consisted in 5 sets of 30 second vibration with 60 second rest between. The positioning on the platform consisted in supporting the elbows and forearms. Results: Results show a significant increase in average speed and time of displacement. There was no significant difference in push frequency. Conclusion: In conclusion, WBV is an effective tool increasing upper limb performance during propulsion of the wheelchair and it can be useful during the treatment of SCI individuals.   Article visualizations

Prospective Associations of Physical Activity and Health-Related Physical Fitness in Adolescents with Down Syndrome: The UP&DOWN Longitudinal Study

(1) Background: Numerous studies have focused on examining the association between PA levels and health-related physical fitness components in children or adolescents without disabilities. However, research on the association between PA and health-related physical fitness in adolescents with DS (Down syndrome) is limited, and most of the previous studies have been developed with a cross-sectional perspective. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the prospective association of accelerometer-based PA at baseline with health-related physical fitness at a 2-year follow-up in a relatively large sample of adolescents with DS from the UP&DOWN study. (2) Methods: A total of 92 adolescents with DS (58 males) between 11 and 20 years old with full data were eligible from an initial sample of 110 participants. Fitness was assessed by the ALPHA health-related fitness test battery for youth, and physical activity was assessed by Actigraph accelerometers. (3) Results: The high tertile of total PA was related to decreased motor (Beta [95% CI] = -1.46 [-2.88; -0.05]) and cardiorespiratory fitness (Beta [95% CI] = -2.22 [-4.42; 0.02]) in adolescents with DS. (4) Conclusions: In adolescents with DS, (i) PA level was not prospectively associated with muscular fitness and (ii) high levels of total PA at the baseline were inversely associated with motor and cardiorespiratory fitness at the 2-year follow-up. For comparative purposes, these relationships were also examined in a subsample of adolescents without DS

Processo de refleção docente para amelhorar as praticas de evaluação do ensino no contexto da educação para jovens e adultos (EPJA)

Education for youngsters and adults (in Spanish, EPJA) has reached prominence in the Chilean educational system. It has had to give a new chance to a large number of young people who, for one reason or another, did not complete their studies in traditional training. In this scenario, it explores pedagogical practices developed by teachers working with youngsters and adults, especially those who refer to learning assessment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to present the results of a reflection carried out by a group of teachers from a comprehensive adult education center, in order to improve their practices to evaluate their students’ learning. The research model is based on the qualitative approach with a case study design. It makes a comprehensive diagnostic of teaching practices, conducted through discussion groups. The analysis of the results shows that most teachers working at this educational center follow traditional assessment practices. They tend to copy conceptions of assessment centered around products that can be scored in order to check goal achievement, rather than around providing feedback that promotes self-regulated learning. However, the reflection also shows that teachers are willing to participate in pedagogical reflection sessions that guide them to improve their assessment practices.La educación para jóvenes y adultos (EPJA) ha alcanzado protagonismo en el sistema educacional chileno. Se ha ocupado de brindar una nueva oportunidad a un gran número de jóvenes que por una u otra razón no pudieron terminar sus estudios en la formación tradicional. En este escenario se indaga sobre las prácticas pedagógicas desarrolladas por los docentes que trabajan en la EPJA, especialmente las que se refieren a la evaluación de los aprendizajes. Por tanto, este trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar los resultados de un proceso de reflexión llevado a cabo por un grupo de docentes de un centro integrado de educación de adultos, con el fin de mejorar sus prácticas de evaluación del aprendizaje de sus estudiantes. El modelo de investigación se basa en el enfoque cualitativo con diseño de estudio de caso y se enmarca en un diagnóstico comprensivo de las prácticas, llevado a cabo a través de grupos de discusión. Una vez analizados los resultados del proceso, se concluye que la mayoría de estos docentes siguen prácticas evaluativas tradicionales, que tienden a replicar concepciones de evaluación centradas en la obtención de productos calificables para comprobar el logro, más que en la retroalimentación de procesos que potencien la autorregulación del aprendizaje. No obstante, la reflexión también deja ver que los docentes están dispuestos a participar en instancias de reflexión pedagógica que orienten la mejora de sus prácticas evaluativas.A educação para jovens e adultos (EPJA) alcançou proeminência no sistema educacional chileno. Tem se-ocupando de proporcionar uma nova oportunidade para um grande número de jovens que, por alguma ração, não puderam concluir seus estudos na formação tradicional. Neste cenário se investigam as práticas pedagógicas desenvolvidas pelos professores que trabalham na educação de jovens e adultos, especialmente aquelas relacionadas com a avaliação da aprendizagem. Portanto, este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar os resultados de um processo de reflexão levada a cabo por um grupo de professores de uma educação de adultos integrada, a fim de melhorar suas praticas de evaluação do aprendizagem dos estudantes. O modelo de pesquisa baseia-se na abordagem qualitativa com desenho de estudo de caso e faz parte de umas práticas de diagnóstico abrangentes, conduzidas através de grupos de discussão. Depois de analisar os resultados do processo, conclui-se que a maioria destes professores seguiram as práticas de avaliação tradicionais, que tendem a replicar concepções de avaliação concentradas na obtenção de produtos qualificados para verificar o êxito, em vez de processos de retroalimentação que melhoram a auto-regulação da aprendizagem. No entanto, a reflexão também revela que os professores estão dispostos a participar de instâncias de reflexão pedagógica para orientar a melhoria de suas práticas de avaliação

Soil organic carbon stocks in native forest of Argentina: a useful surrogate for mitigation and conservation planning under climate variability

Background The nationally determined contribution (NDC) presented by Argentina within the framework of the Paris Agreement is aligned with the decisions made in the context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on the reduction of emissions derived from deforestation and forest degradation, as well as forest carbon conservation (REDD+). In addition, climate change constitutes one of the greatest threats to forest biodiversity and ecosystem services. However, the soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks of native forests have not been incorporated into the Forest Reference Emission Levels calculations and for conservation planning under climate variability due to a lack of information. The objectives of this study were: (i) to model SOC stocks to 30 cm of native forests at a national scale using climatic, topographic and vegetation as predictor variables, and (ii) to relate SOC stocks with spatial–temporal remotely sensed indices to determine biodiversity conservation concerns due to threats from high inter‑annual climate variability. Methods We used 1040 forest soil samples (0–30 cm) to generate spatially explicit estimates of SOC native forests in Argentina at a spatial resolution of approximately 200 m. We selected 52 potential predictive environmental covariates, which represent key factors for the spatial distribution of SOC. All covariate maps were uploaded to the Google Earth Engine cloud‑based computing platform for subsequent modelling. To determine the biodiversity threats from high inter‑annual climate variability, we employed the spatial–temporal satellite‑derived indices based on Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and land surface temperature (LST) images from Landsat imagery. Results SOC model (0–30 cm depth) prediction accounted for 69% of the variation of this soil property across the whole native forest coverage in Argentina. Total mean SOC stock reached 2.81 Pg C (2.71–2.84 Pg C with a probability of 90%) for a total area of 460,790 km2, where Chaco forests represented 58.4% of total SOC stored, followed by Andean Patagonian forests (16.7%) and Espinal forests (10.0%). SOC stock model was fitted as a function of regional climate, which greatly influenced forest ecosystems, including precipitation (annual mean precipitation and precipitation of warmest quarter) and temperature (day land surface temperature, seasonality, maximum temperature of warmest month, month of maximum temperature, night land surface temperature, and monthly minimum temperature). Biodiversity was influenced by the SOC levels and the forest regions. Conclusions In the framework of the Kyoto Protocol and REDD+, information derived in the present work from the estimate of SOC in native forests can be incorporated into the annual National Inventory Report of Argentina to assist forest management proposals. It also gives insight into how native forests can be more resilient to reduce the impact of biodiversity loss.EEA Santa CruzFil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santa Cruz; Argentina.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; Argentina.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Gaitan, Juan José. Universidad Nacional de Luján. Buenos Aires; Argentina.Fil: Gaitan, Juan José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Mastrangelo, Matias Enrique. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Grupo de Estudio de Agroecosistemas y Paisajes Rurales; Argentina.Fil: Mastrangelo, Matias Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Nosetto, Marcelo Daniel. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada San Luis. Grupo de Estudios Ambientales; Argentina.Fil: Nosetto, Marcelo Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Villagra, Pablo Eugenio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA); Argentina.Fil: Villagra, Pablo Eugenio. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina.Fil: Balducci, Ezequiel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Yuto; Argentina.Fil: Pinazo, Martín Alcides. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Montecarlo; Argentina.Fil: Eclesia, Roxana Paola. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Paraná; Argentina.Fil: Von Wallis, Alejandra. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Montecarlo; Argentina.Fil: Villarino, Sebastián. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Grupo de Estudio de Agroecosistemas y Paisajes Rurales; Argentina.Fil: Villarino, Sebastián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Alaggia, Francisco Guillermo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Manfredi. Campo Anexo Villa Dolores; Argentina.Fil: Alaggia, Francisco Guillermo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Gonzalez-Polo, Marina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue; Argentina.Fil: Gonzalez-Polo, Marina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. INIBIOMA; Argentina.Fil: Manrique, Silvana M. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía No Convencional. CCT Salta‑Jujuy; Argentina.Fil: Meglioli, Pablo A. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA); Argentina.Fil: Meglioli, Pablo A. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina.Fil: Rodríguez‑Souilla, Julián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC); Argentina.Fil: Mónaco, Martín H. Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. Dirección Nacional de Bosques; Argentina.Fil: Chaves, Jimena Elizabeth. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC); Argentina.Fil: Medina, Ariel. Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. Dirección Nacional de Bosques; Argentina.Fil: Gasparri, Ignacio. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; Argentina.Fil: Gasparri, Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Alvarez Arnesi, Eugenio. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; Argentina.Fil: Alvarez Arnesi, Eugenio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Santa Fe; Argentina.Fil: Barral, María Paula. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Grupo de Estudio de Agroecosistemas y Paisajes Rurales; Argentina.Fil: Barral, María Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Von Müller, Axel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Esquel Argentina.Fil: Pahr, Norberto Manuel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Montecarlo; Argentina.Fil: Uribe Echevarría, Josefina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Quimilí; Argentina.Fil: Fernandez, Pedro Sebastian. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Famaillá; Argentina.Fil: Fernandez, Pedro Sebastian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ecología Regional; Argentina.Fil: Morsucci, Marina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA); Argentina.Fil: Morsucci, Marina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina.Fil: Lopez, Dardo Ruben. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Manfredi. Campo Anexo Villa Dolores; Argentina.Fil: Lopez, Dardo Ruben. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Cellini, Juan Manuel. Universidad Nacional de la Plata (UNLP). Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Maderas; Argentina.Fil: Alvarez, Leandro M. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA); Argentina.Fil: Alvarez, Leandro M. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina.Fil: Barberis, Ignacio Martín. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Santa Fe; Argentina.Fil: Barberis, Ignacio Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Santa Fe; Argentina.Fil: Colomb, Hernán Pablo. Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. Dirección Nacional de Bosques; Argentina.Fil: Colomb, Hernán. Administración de Parques Nacionales (APN). Parque Nacional Los Alerces; Argentina.Fil: La Manna, Ludmila. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco. Centro de Estudios Ambientales Integrados (CEAI); Argentina.Fil: La Manna, Ludmila. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Barbaro, Sebastian Ernesto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Cerro Azul; Argentina.Fil: Blundo, Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ecología Regional; Argentina.Fil: Blundo, Cecilia. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Tucumán; Argentina.Fil: Sirimarco, Marina Ximena. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Grupo de Estudio de Agroecosistemas y Paisajes Rurales (GEAP); Argentina.Fil: Sirimarco, Marina Ximena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Cavallero, Laura. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Manfredi. Campo Anexo Villa Dolores; Argentina.Fil: Zalazar, Gualberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA); Argentina.Fil: Zalazar, Gualberto. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina.Fil: Martínez Pastur, Guillermo José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC); Argentina