488 research outputs found
Primer Note: A novel set of EST-SSR markers in Tamarix: a resource to characterize this genus
AbstractBoth the negative and positive ecological impact of Tamarix plants is controversial, and thus a more comprehensive understanding is necessary. Tamarisks are invasive in many countries but the inter-specific transferability that characterizes simple sequence repeats (SSRs) could be harnessed to track the spread of specific genotypes or to study invasive populations. Thirteen polymorphic SSR markers, derived from expressed sequence tag (EST), were identified by first screening 26 samples of T. aphylla, T. jordanis, T. nilotica, and T. tetragyna and then 33 unidentified tamarisks from Yotvata, Israel. The mean number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 14 and the mean expected heterozygosity was 0.415. These EST-SSR markers will undoubtedly be useful in the genetic characterization of the genus Tamarix due to their high cross-species transferability which enables the estimation of the genetic diversity among and within different species, that are adapted to the same desert habitat under severe environmental constraints
A Proposal for a forest digital twin framework and its perspectives
3openInternationalItalian coauthor/editorThe increasing importance of forest ecosystems for human society and planetary health is widely recognized, and the advancement of data collection technologies enables new and integrated ways for forest ecosystems monitoring. Therefore, the target of this paper is to propose a framework to design a forest digital twin (FDT) that, by integrating different state variables at both tree and forest levels, creates a virtual copy of the forest. The integration of these data sets could be used for scientific purposes, for reporting the health status of forests, and ultimately for implementing sustainable forest management practices on the basis of the use cases that a specific implementation of the framework would underpin. Achieving such outcomes requires the twinning of single trees as a core element of the FDT by recording the physical and biotic state variables of the tree and of the near environment via realâvirtual digital sockets. Following a nested approach, the twinned trees and the related physical and physiological processes are then part of a broader twinning of the entire forest realized by capturing data at forest scale from sources such as remote sensing technologies and flux towers. Ultimately, to unlock the economic value of forest ecosystem services, the FDT should implement a distributed ledger-based on blockchain and smart contracts to ensure the highest transparency, reliability, and thoroughness of the data and the related transactions and to sharpen forest risk management with the final goal to improve the capital flow towards sustainable practices of forest managementopenBuonocore, Luca; Yates, Jim; Valentini, RiccardoBuonocore, L.; Yates, J.; Valentini, R
Estensione dell'editor Bluefish per il linguaggio descrittivo di robot didattico NXT-GTD
Il linguaggio NXT-GTD è la versione testuale del linguaggio visuale NXT usato per la programmazione dei robot didattici prodotti dalla LEGOR. La presenza di una versione testuale è dovuta alla necessità di documentare programmi relativamente complessi e resi in NXT-G che è un linguaggio grafico-iconico. Per questo linguaggio tuttavia, non esistono ad ora editor in
grado di riconoscerlo. Per questo motivo si è deciso di fornire un ambiente di sviluppo che permetta di avere le stesse facilitazioni disponibili per gli altri linguaggi di programmazione. Per far ciò è stato usato come base l'editor Bluefish, il quale permette la definizione di sintassi personali mediante la creazione di un file in formato bfl ang2, dalla struttura molto simile ad XML.
Scopo di questa trattazione è presentare i passi necessari alla creazione del file di definizione della sintassi, e all'integrazione con Bluefish in modo da ottenere un editor che riconosca il linguaggio NXT-GTDope
Separation of heat and charge currents for boosted thermoelectric conversion
In a multi-terminal device the (electronic) heat and charge currents can
follow different paths. In this paper we introduce and analyse a class of
multi-terminal devices where this property is pushed to its extreme limits,
with charge heat currents flowing in different reservoirs. After
introducing the main characteristics of such
regime we show how to realise it in a multi-terminal device with
normal and superconducting leads. We demonstrate that this regime allows to
control independently heat and charge flows and to greatly enhance
thermoelectric performances at low temperatures. We analyse in details a
three-terminal setup involving a superconducting lead, a normal lead and a
voltage probe. For a generic scattering region we show that in the regime of
heat-charge current separation both the power factor and the figure of merit
are highly increased with respect to a standard two-terminal system. These
results are confirmed for the specific case of a system consisting of three
coupled quantum dots.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figure
Winkelkorrelationsuntersuchungen an Seltenen Erden in Halbleitern mit groĂer BandlĂźcke
Die Optoelektronik ist heute in vielen elektronischen Anwendungsgebieten nicht mehr wegzudenken. Ihr Einsatzgebiet erstreckt sich von der normalen Haushaltsbeleuchtung, Ăźber die Beleuchtung von Displays mit stromsparenden Leuchtdioden (engl. Light Emitting Diode, kurz LED) bis zu den Speichermedien mit Laserdioden. Der Druck nach Materialien zu suchen, die Halbleitereigenschaften aufweisen, die stabil sind und durch Dotierung eine hohe Leuchtstärke in mĂśglichst verschiedenen FarbtĂśnen haben, lässt nicht nach. Geeignete Materialien sind beispielsweise die III-V-Nitrid-Halbleiter Galliumnitrid (GaN) und Aluminiumnitrid (AlN). Ihre groĂe, direkte BandlĂźcke macht sie nicht nur fĂźr optoelektronische Bauteile interessant, sondern, durch ihre gegenĂźber Silizium hĂśhere Arbeitstemperatur und Frequenz, auch fĂźr Anwendungen in der Hochtemperatur-, Hochleistungselektronik und Mikrowellentechnik. Weiterhin werden solche Halbleiter in der Umwelt fĂźr Ultraviolett-Detektionssysteme eingesetzt. Leuchtdioden, die auf GaN-Basis hergestellt werden, strahlen wegen der BandlĂźcke von 3,4 eV im ultravioletten Bereich. Durch Dotierung mit Lanthanoiden (Seltene Erden) wird Elektrolumineszenz auch bei Raumtemperatur beobachtet. Die Wellenlänge der Lumineszenz ist dabei nur von der Seltenen Erde abhängig. Bisher auf dem Markt verfĂźgbare Produkte werden durch Schichtwachstumsverfahren als dĂźnne Schichten auf Substraten aufgewachsen, die Dotierung erfolgt während des epitaktischen Wachstums. Hier kann man Schicht fĂźr Schicht eine vertikale AuflĂśsung erreichen. Eine lateral strukturiertere Dotierung kann durch die bewährte Methode der Ionenimplantation erzielt werden. Hier kann insbesondere dasselbe Bauteil mit verschiedenen Seltenen Erden dotiert werden, um verschiedene Farben zu verwirklichen. Bei einer solchen Implantation werden lokal erhebliche Gitterschäden verursacht, die durch eine thermische Behandlung weitgehend beseitigt werden mĂźssen. Die Methode der gestĂśrten Winkelkorrelation ist gut geeignet, um das Verhalten von Seltenen Erden nach der Implantation zu erforschen. Das Prinzip dieser Messmethode besteht darin, eine radioaktive Sonde in das zu untersuchende Wirtsmaterial zu implantieren. Die Sonde erfährt eine elektrische Quadrupolwechselwirkung, die von einem elektrischen Feldgradienten am Sonden-Kernort hervorgerufen wird. Hierbei kann die GrĂśĂe des elektrischen Feldgradienten gemessen werden. Es ist also mĂśglich Informationen Ăźber die nächste Umgebung der Sonde zu erringen. Unser Interesse besteht darin, die Temperaturabhängigkeit des elektrischen Feldgradienten zu untersuchen. Seltene Erden, die sich fĂźr eine solche Untersuchung eignen, sind 172Lu(172Yb) und 140La(140Ce). Ein Ziel dieser Arbeit war, die Produktion und die Implantation der PAC-Sonde 172Lu(172Yb), die bisher an der ISOLDE-Einrichtung am CERN stattgefunden hatte, an den Messort nach Bonn zu verlagern. Hier ist die Sonde durch Bestrahlung mit a-Teilchen einer Thulium-Folie (Kernreaktion: 169Tm(a,,n)172Lu) erfolgreich am Bonner Zyklotron hergestellt worden. Die Implantation in GaN am Bonner Isotopenseparator hat zu brauchbaren Proben gefĂźhrt. Allerdings bedarf diese Methode noch der Verbesserung, denn die Aktivität der implantierten Proben reichte meist nur fĂźr eine einzige Messung, obwohl ein Messprogramm mit derselben Probe wĂźnschenswert gewesen wäre. Das Verhalten des elektrischen Feldgradienten von 172Lu(172Yb) in GaN wurde bis zu 4 K untersucht. Hier wurde eine starke Temperaturabhängigkeit des elektrischen Feldgradienten gemssen. Da die thermischen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten von GaN sehr klein sind, ändern sich die Gitterparameter und damit der vom Gitter verursachte elektrische Feldgradient kaum. Daher war dieses anomale Verhalten vĂśllig unerwartet und konnte mit einem zusätzlichen Beitrag zum Gesamtfeldgradienten von der 4f-Schale erklärt werden. In kristallinen Gittern nimmt Ytterbium bevorzugt die Wertigkeit 3+ ein. Im 3+ Zustand besitzt 172Yb ein Loch in der 4f-Schale und produziert dadurch einen zusätzlichen EFG, der vom Quadrupolmoment der 4f-Schale abhängt. Ein theoretisches Modell wurde zur Hilfe gezogen, um das Verhalten zu beschreiben. Ausgegangen wird von zwei Beiträgen zum gesamten elektrischen Feldgradienten. Zum einen ein weitgehend konstanter Beitrag, der vom Wurtzitgitter des Galliumnitrids hervorgerufen wird, der sogenannte Gitterfeldgradient, und zum anderen ein stark temperaturabhängiger Anteil von der 4f-Schale der Lanthanoid-Sonde. Dieses Modell liefert etwas unterschiedliche Werte, in Abhängigkeit davon ob bei Raumtemperatur ein positiver oder ein negativer Gitterfeldgradient angenommen wird. Ein Vergleich der experimentellen Daten mit den theoretisch berechneten Werten begĂźnstigt die Annahme eines positiven Gitterfeldgradienten. Hier ist der energetische Abstand des untersten Zustand, den das Loch der 4f-Schale bei Temperaturen nahe dem absoluten Nullpunkt einnimmt, zum nächst-hĂśheren Zustand kleiner als im Falle eines negativen Gitterfeldgradienten. Dies bewirkt einen frĂźheren Anstieg des gemessenen elektrischen Feldgradienten schon bei tieferen Temperaturen. Ein solches Verhalten konnte auch fĂźr die Sonde 140La(140Ce) nachvollzogen werden. Diese nimmt in GaN die Wertigkeit 3+ an und besitzt somit ein Elektron in der 4f-Schale. 140Ce3+ stellt damit den umgekehrten Fall zu 172Yb3+ dar. Die 4f-Schale von 140Ce hat einen schwächeren Einfluss als die von 172Yb, weil die Aufspaltung der Kramers-Dubletts durch den Gitterfeldgradienten kleinere Erwartungswerte hat. Untersuchungen mit der Sonde 172Lu(172Yb) in AlN sollten ähnliche Ergebnisse, wie fĂźr GaN, ergeben. Leider konnten hier nur wenige Proben hergestellt werden. Die Aktivität war dabei so gering, dass nur drei Messungen bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen durchgefĂźhrt werden konnten. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit des elektrischen Feldgradienten zeigt einen ähnlichen Verlauf wie bei GaN, so dass hier ein ähnliches Verhalten wahrscheinlich ist
Cambiamenti di copertura forestale e dellâuso del suolo nellâinventario dellâuso delle terre in Italia
Changes of forest coverage and land uses as assessed by the inventory of land uses in Italy. The paper presents
the IUTI program, a land use inventory of Italy, based on point sampling. It has been carried out to
support the National Carbon Sink Accounting Register and it was realized within the framework of the Italian
National Remote Sensing Plan managed by the Italian Ministry of Environment. IUTI has monitored the
land use and land use change and forestry in the last two decades over the country at the years 1990, 2000,
2008, adopting a tessellated stratified sampling scheme with about 1.2 million sample points on aerial orthophotos.
Following definitions, methods and inventory procedures, the main results are discussed. They
show the heavy changes affecting surface and distribution of the various classes for arable lands, forests and
urban areas.L'articolo è disponibile sul sito dell'editore www.sisef.i
Kernel-based Time-Varying IV estimation: handle with care
Giraitis, Kapetanios, and Marcellino (Journal of Econometrics, 2020) proposed a kernel-based
time-varying coefficients IV estimator. By using entirely different code, We broadly replicate
the simulation results and the empirical application on the Phillips Curve but we note that a
small coding mistake might have affected some of the reported results. Further, we extend the
results by using a different sample and many kernel functions; we find that the estimator is
remarkably robust across a wide range of smoothing choices, but the effect of outliers may be
less obvious than expected
Implementation of REDD+ in sub-Saharan Africa: state of knowledge, challenges and opportunities
Deforestation and forest degradation represent an important part of global CO2 emissions. The identification of the multiple drivers of land-use change, past and present forest cover change and associated carbon budget, and the presence of locally adapted systems to allow for proper monitoring are particularly lacking in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Any incentive system to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) will have to overcome those limits. This paper reviews the main challenges to implementing effective REDD+ mitigation activities in SSA. We estimate that SSA is currently a net carbon sink of approximately 319 TgCO2 yrâ1. Forest degradation and deforestation put the forest carbon stock at risk (mean forest carbon stock is 57,679 TgC). Our results highlight the importance of looking beyond the forest sector to ensure that REDD+ efforts are aligned with agricultural and land-use policie
Estimating forest area at the year 1990 by two-phase sampling on historical remotely sensed imagery in Italy
Forest area in the year 1990 is a fi gure of great
interest under the Kyoto Protocol. This note is devoted to
a scientifi c exercise for the probabilistic ex post assessment
of such a fi gure in Italy. Estimation was performed by twophase
point sampling, which made use of historical remotely
sensed imagery. In the fi rst phase, a sample of 12 089
points was selected according to an unaligned systematic
sampling and the selected points were classifi ed in land-use
categories by Landsat 5 TM imagery. In the second phase,
a sample of 3000 points was selected by stratifi ed sampling
in which the strata were determined by the satellite classifi
cation and the selected points were classifi ed by aerial
photos, assumed as ground truth. A two-phase estimate of
land-use coverage partitioning the Italian territory was
obtained together with a conservative estimate of the
sampling variance-covariance. The procedure has proved
to be of relatively easy implementation and objective
repeatabilityL'articolo è disponibile sul sito dell'editore http://www.springerlink.com
Toward a unified TreeTalker data curation process
The Internet of Things (IoT) development is revolutionizing environmental monitoring and research in macroecology. This technology allows for the deployment of sizeable diffuse sensing networks capable of continuous monitoring. Because of this property, the data collected from IoT networks can provide a testbed for scientific hypotheses across large spatial and temporal scales. Nevertheless, data curation is a necessary step to make large and heterogeneous datasets exploitable for synthesis analyses. This process includes data retrieval, quality assurance, standardized formatting, storage, and documentation. TreeTalkers are an excellent example of IoT applied to ecology. These are smart devices for synchronously measuring treesâ physiological and environmental parameters. A set of devices can be organized in a mesh and permit data collection from a single tree to plot or transect scale. The deployment of such devices over large-scale networks needs a standardized approach for data curation. For this reason, we developed a unified processing workflow according to the user manual. In this paper, we first introduce the concept of a unified TreeTalker data curation process. The idea was formalized into an R-package, and it is freely available as open software. Secondly, we present the different functions available in âttalkRâ, and, lastly, we illustrate the application with a demonstration dataset. With such a unified processing approach, we propose a necessary data curation step to establish a new environmental cyberinfrastructure and allow for synthesis activities across environmental monitoring networks. Our data curation concept is the first step for supporting the TreeTalker data life cycle by improving accessibility and thus creating unprecedented opportunities for TreeTalker-based macroecological analyse
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