Skin sensitization in silico protocol

The assessment of skin sensitization has evolved over the past few years to include in vitro assessments of key events along the adverse outcome pathway and opportunistically capitalize on the strengths of in silico methods to support a weight of evidence assessment without conducting a test in animals. While in silico methods vary greatly in their purpose and format; there is a need to standardize the underlying principles on which such models are developed and to make transparent the implications for the uncertainty in the overall assessment. In this contribution, the relationship of skin sensitization relevant effects, mechanisms, and endpoints are built into a hazard assessment framework. Based on the relevance of the mechanisms and effects as well as the strengths and limitations of the experimental systems used to identify them, rules and principles are defined for deriving skin sensitization in silico assessments. Further, the assignments of reliability and confidence scores that reflect the overall strength of the assessment are discussed. This skin sensitization protocol supports the implementation and acceptance of in silico approaches for the prediction of skin sensitization

Creative city strategy – ambiquity, many problems

Artykuł koncentruje się na problematyce rozwoju miasta. Szukając odpowiedzi na pytanie, jaki kierunek rozwoju jest właściwy, trzeba uwzględnić różnorodność rzeczywistości miasta i konieczność podejścia kompleksowego. Założeniem jest to, że miasto jest wspólnotą polityczną, społeczną i gospodarczą, która powinna być przyjazna dla wszystkich użytkowników. Zgodnie z nim przedstawiono pokrótce koncepcje miasta kreatywnego, europejskiego i uczącego się oraz zbieżne z nimi założenia local governance i rewitalizacji. Na przykładzie miasta Bytomia podkreślono, że zawężanie się tylko do koncepcji miasta kreatywnego, bez horyzontalnego wykorzystania wszystkich czynników, może negatywnie wpłynąć na rozwój miasta.The article focuses on the problems of the city’s development. The question, which direction of development is appopriate, we need consider the diversity of the reality of the city and comprehensive approach to city problems and opportunities. The assumption is that the city is political, social and economic community and should be beneficial for all local actors. According to it, Authors present concepts: creative city, european city, learner city, revitalization and local governance. The article also describes the city of Bytom, emphasised that using only creative city concept, with non of all of the above, could adversely affect the development of the city

Predicting Chemically Induced Skin Sensitization by Using In Chemico / In Vitro Methods.

Over the recent years development toward assessing skin sensitization hazard has moved toward non-animal testing methods. These methods are based on the key events as described in the OECD Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) for skin sensitization initiated by covalent binding to proteins. As these individual methods address mainly one mechanistic event (key event) in the initiation of skin sensitization, combination of different methods are needed to conclude on the skin sensitization hazard. Validated and regulatory adopted (EU and OECD) in chemico/in vitro methods are available for KEs 1-3 and are presented here. This chapter also illustrates how individual test methods can be combined by providing two examples of defined approaches to testing and assessment for skin sensitization hazard identification and assessment