The formation of near anode double layer in highcurrent plasma diode of low pressure

A plasma electron source on the basis of a pulse plasma diode of low pressure with an extended interelectrode gap has been experimentally investigated. The basis of a plasma electron source serves a gas discharge of a new type - selfmaintained beam-plasma discharge, which distinctive feature is the forming of a double electrical layer of a space charge in a discharge gap and generation of an intensive electron beam. The exterior parameters were determined, at which formation of a double layer and the acceleration of an electron beam in such discharge occurs immediately at working area of the anode. The plasma electron source is calculated on generation of an electron beam with the energy 〖10〗^4…〖10〗^5 eV at the current 2…3 kA, current density 200…300 A/cm 2 , pulse length 1…10 μs and efficiency of conversion of an exterior electric field energy into an electron beam energy up to 80%

Longitudinal extraction of H⁻ ions from Penning discharge with metal-hydride cathode

In the paper the emitting ability of negative hydrogen ions H⁻ in longitudinal direction from Penning discharge with metal-hydride cathode is investigated. This effect is possible due to mutual influence of activated hydrogen desorbed from metal-hydride on discharge properties. In order to separate negative ions from extracted current of charged particles an electromagnetic filter is applied. The efficiency of the filter is carried out experimentally and optimal external parameters for H⁻ ions separation are determined. The experimental results about negative ions extraction along an external magnetic field from Penning discharge are given. The beam current of H⁻ ions is got on the level of 5 μA.Исследуется способность пеннинговского разряда с насыщенным водородом металлогидридным катодом эмитировать отрицательные ионы водорода Н⁻ в продольном направлении. Это становится возможным благодаря взаимному влиянию активированного водорода, десорбируемого из металлогидрида, на свойства разряда. С целью сепарации отрицательных ионов из извлекаемого потока заряженных частиц применяется электромагнитный фильтр. Эффективность работы фильтра исследована экспериментально и определены оптимальные внешние параметры для сепарации ионов Н⁻. Приведены экспериментальные данные по извлечению отрицательных ионов вдоль магнитного поля из пеннинговского разряда. Получен ток пучка ионов Н⁻ на уровне 5 мкА.Досліджується здатність пеннінговского розряду з насиченим воднем металогідридним катодом емітувати негативні іони водню Н⁻ в поздовжньому напрямку. Це стає можливим завдяки взаємному впливу акти-вованого водню, що десорбується з металогідриду, на властивості розряду. З метою сепарації негативних іонів з потоку заряджених частинок, що витягається, застосовується електромагнітний фільтр. Ефективність роботи фільтра досліджена експериментально і визначені оптимальні зовнішні параметри для сепарації іонів Н⁻. Наведено експериментальні дані по вилученню негативних іонів уздовж магнітного поля з пеннінговского розряду. Отримано струм пучка іонів Н⁻ на рівні 5 мкА

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362