The fate of biogenic iron during a phytoplankton bloom induced by natural fertilisation: Impact of copepod grazing

International audienceThe impact of copepod grazing on Fe regeneration was investigated in a naturally iron fertilised area during KEOPS (Kerguelen Ocean and Plateau compared Study, Jan.-Feb. 2005). 55Fe labelled natural plankton assemblages (< 200 μm) were offered as food to copepod predators sampled in the field (Calanus propinquus, Rhincalanus gigas, Metridia lucens and Oithona frigida). Diatoms (Eucampia antarctica, Corethron inerme and Navicula spp.) constituted the bulk of the protists whereas microzooplankton (i.e. ciliates and dinoflagellates) were in very low abundance. Copepod grazing on phytoplankton ranged from 0.3 to 2.6 µgC ind-1 d-1 and reflected low utilisation of the food stocks (1-10% of total Chlorophyll a d-1) and low daily rations (0.2-3.3 % body C d-1). Copepod grazing resulted in a 1.7-2.3-fold increase in Fe regeneration. Fe speciation determined by extraction onto C18 columns showed that less than 1% of the regenerated Fe was complexed with hydrophobic organic ligands. This suggests that Fe was regenerated as inorganic species and/or bound to freely soluble organic ligands. The biogenic Fe budget established from our study and literature based data indicates that most of the primary production is recycled through the detrital pool, which represents the largest Fe pool (49% of total Fe). Our iron budget further indicates that mesozooplankton and diatoms represent the dominant Fe biomasses above the Kerguelen plateau. The rate of Fe regeneration accounts for half of the Fe demand, strengthening the need for new Fe sources to sustain the massive phytoplankton bloom above the Kerguelen plateau

Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Free-Standing Double-Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks

Nanomaterials are driving advances in technology due to their oftentimes superior properties over bulk materials. In particular, their thermal properties become increasingly important as efficient heat dissipation is required to realize high-performance electronic devices, reduce energy consumption, and prevent thermal damage. One application where nanomaterials can play a crucial role is extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, where pellicles that protect the photomask from particle contamination have to be transparent to EUV light, mechanically strong, and thermally conductive in order to withstand the heat associated with high-power EUV radiation. Free-standing carbon nanotube (CNT) films have emerged as candidates due to their high EUV transparency and ability to withstand heat. However, the thermal transport properties of these films are not well understood beyond bulk emissivity measurements. Here, we measure the thermal conductivity of free-standing CNT films using all-optical Raman thermometry at temperatures between 300 and 700 K. We find thermal conductivities up to 50 W m-1 K-1 for films composed of double-walled CNTs, which rises to 257 W m-1 K-1 when considering the CNT network alone. These values are remarkably high for randomly oriented CNT networks, roughly seven times that of single-walled CNT films. The enhanced thermal conduction is due to the additional wall, which likely gives rise to additional heat-carrying phonon modes and provides a certain resilience to defects. Our results demonstrate that free-standing double-walled CNT films efficiently dissipate heat, enhancing our understanding of these promising films and how they are suited to applications in EUV lithography.</p

Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Free-Standing Double-Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks

Nanomaterials are driving advances in technology due to their oftentimes superior properties over bulk materials. In particular, their thermal properties become increasingly important as efficient heat dissipation is required to realize high-performance electronic devices, reduce energy consumption, and prevent thermal damage. One application where nanomaterials can play a crucial role is extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, where pellicles that protect the photomask from particle contamination have to be transparent to EUV light, mechanically strong, and thermally conductive in order to withstand the heat associated with high-power EUV radiation. Free-standing carbon nanotube (CNT) films have emerged as candidates due to their high EUV transparency and ability to withstand heat. However, the thermal transport properties of these films are not well understood beyond bulk emissivity measurements. Here, we measure the thermal conductivity of free-standing CNT films using all-optical Raman thermometry at temperatures between 300 and 700 K. We find thermal conductivities up to 50 W m-1 K-1 for films composed of double-walled CNTs, which rises to 257 W m-1 K-1 when considering the CNT network alone. These values are remarkably high for randomly oriented CNT networks, roughly seven times that of single-walled CNT films. The enhanced thermal conduction is due to the additional wall, which likely gives rise to additional heat-carrying phonon modes and provides a certain resilience to defects. Our results demonstrate that free-standing double-walled CNT films efficiently dissipate heat, enhancing our understanding of these promising films and how they are suited to applications in EUV lithography.</p

Geschiktheid zeewindparken voor maricultuur en passieve visserij : een kwantitatieve beoordeling van de kansrijkheid van de gebieden voor de potentiële productiviteit van een selectie aan commercieel interessante soorten

In de Nederlandse Exclusieve Economische Zone (EEZ) zijn windparken gepland op diverse locaties. Door de windparken ontstaan nieuwe kansen voor multifunctioneel gebruik zoals maricultuur en niet-bodemberoerende visserij met passieve vistuigen. Deze studie brengt de potentiële - kwantitatieve - productiviteit van het kweken of vissen (passief vistuig) binnen bestaande, geplande en mogelijke toekomstige windparklocaties op de Noordzee in kaart voor een aantal vormen van medegebruik; kweek van bepaalde soorten zeewier en schelpdieren en de niet-bodemberoerende vangst van bepaalde soorten vissen, schaaldieren en inktvissen. Dit project is een vervolg op een voorgaand project waarbij een kwalitatieve beoordeling gegeven is van de kansrijkheid van de gebieden. In de huidige studie is voor een selectie van kansrijke soorten een berekening voor oogst of productie uitgevoerd. Daarnaast is dit rapport bedoeld om op basis van de huidige stand van kennis een inschatting te geven van de orde van grootte van het ruimtebeslag van zeewierproductie binnen toekomstige windparken. Met een aantal berekeningen wordt inzicht gegeven in de orde van grootte van opbrengsten, beschikbare/benodigde oppervlakten en benodigde nutriënten in de Noordzee. Op basis van deze analyse lijkt een areaal van enkele honderden km2 zeewierproductie realistisch, hierbij is uitgegaan van een grove indicatieve berekening, met diverse aannames. Op basis van de beschikbare voedingsstoffen voor mosselen zou tussen ca. 50 en 100 ton drooggewicht mosselen per km2 per jaar kunnen worden geproduceerd, waarbij de bronnen van onzekerheid in acht genomen dienen te worden. Om een indruk te krijgen van het (relatieve) voorkomen van vissen, weekdieren en schaaldieren is gebruik gemaakt van VMS- en logboekgegevens samen met gegevens van twee jaarlijkse surveys (BTS en IBTS). Het is echter niet mogelijk gebleken om voor alle geselecteerde soorten een kwantitatieve inschatting te maken, aangezien er nog weinig bekend is over ruimtelijke verdeling van deze soorten. Daarom is voor deze soorten een overzicht gegeven van wat er in de literatuur over bekend is

The biogeographic differentiation of algal microbiomes in the upper ocean from pole to pole

Eukaryotic phytoplankton are responsible for at least 20% of annual global carbon fixation. Their diversity and activity are shaped by interactions with prokaryotes as part of complex microbiomes. Although differences in their local species diversity have been estimated, we still have a limited understanding of environmental conditions responsible for compositional differences between local species communities on a large scale from pole to pole. Here, we show, based on pole-to-pole phytoplankton metatranscriptomes and microbial rDNA sequencing, that environmental differences between polar and non-polar upper oceans most strongly impact the large-scale spatial pattern of biodiversity and gene activity in algal microbiomes. The geographic differentiation of co-occurring microbes in algal microbiomes can be well explained by the latitudinal temperature gradient and associated break points in their beta diversity, with an average breakpoint at 14 °C ± 4.3, separating cold and warm upper oceans. As global warming impacts upper ocean temperatures, we project that break points of beta diversity move markedly pole-wards. Hence, abrupt regime shifts in algal microbiomes could be caused by anthropogenic climate change

Dissolved inorganic phosphate uptake and corresponding dissolved inorganic nitrate uptake in the seaweed Palmaria palmata (Rhodophyta): Ecological and physiological aspects of nutrient availability

Uptake dynamics of dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) and dissolved inorganic nitrate (DIN) in young Palmaria palmata (n = 49), cultivated in a range of DIP concentrations (0.0–6.0 µmol · L−1) and nonlimiting DIN concentration (50 µmol · L−1) under fully controlled laboratory conditions, were quantified in a ‘pulse-and-chase’ approach over 5 weeks. Two different uptake rates were specified: (1) surge uptake (VS) after starvation and (2) maintenance uptake with filled nutrient pools (VM). VS for DIP of 1.57 ± 0.29 µmol · cm−2 · d−1 and DIN of 15.6 ± 4.3 µmol · cm−2 · d−1, as well as VM for DIP of 0.57 ± 0.22 µmol · cm−2 · d−1 and DIN of 5.6 ± 2.1 µmol · cm−2 · d−1 were calculated. In addition, an absolute size of the internal storage capacity (ISC) for DIP of 22 µmol · cm2 and DIN of 222 µmol · cm2 was determined. A DIP-to-DIN uptake ratio of 1:10 under VM showed a weekly rhythmic uptake pattern, highlighted by a high correlation between DIP and DIN uptake (R = 0.943). VS for DIN did not occur under DIP depletion, but uptake rates increased with increasing DIP availability. Hence, DIP availability limited access to DIN, which was also reflected by total dissolvable protein concentrations in sporophytes, which ranged from 10.2 ± 2.5% to 24.6 ± 8.0% dry weight depending on DIP availability. Similarly, total dissolvable carbohydrate concentration ranged from 22.1 ± 3.6% to 54.3 ± 12.3% dry weight. The data presented in this study open further insight into ecological and physiological aspects of nutrient availability in P. palmata and allow for an optimization in cultivation

Data presented in the paper "Uptake kinetics and storage capacity of dissolved inorganic phosphorus and corresponding dissolved inorganic nitrate uptake in saccharina latissma and laminaria digitata (phaeophyceae)"

The included data is the untreated raw data and attributes to the surface area (SA), as a measure for growth and for standardization of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) uptake rates, analysis of DIP and DIN of the seawater medium to refer to uptake by the seaweeds, and fluorescence measurements (Fv/Fm) of sporophytes under DIP depletion/limitation/repletion conditions to refer to induced nutritional stress

Data presented in the paper "Uptake kinetics and storage capacity of dissolved inorganic phosphorus and corresponding dissolved inorganic nitrate uptake in saccharina latissma and laminaria digitata (phaeophyceae)"

The included data is the untreated raw data and attributes to the surface area (SA), as a measure for growth and for standardization of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) uptake rates, analysis of DIP and DIN of the seawater medium to refer to uptake by the seaweeds, and fluorescence measurements (Fv/Fm) of sporophytes under DIP depletion/limitation/repletion conditions to refer to induced nutritional stress