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The Seventh Review Conference of the Biological Weapons Convention
βOverall, we have done pretty well. In some areas, we could have done betterβ
- Ambassador Paul van den IJssel, President,
Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) Seventh Review Conference
2011 was a year of particular importance to the BWC. It was an opportunity to shape the direction that the treaty would take in coming years and ensure that it would remain at the forefront of efforts to prevent the use of disease as a weapon. Hopes for the future were high.
Annual meetings had been constructive and the atmosphere positive. There was momentum.
There had been an exhaustive, open-ended preparatory process which provided multiple opportunities to explore technical issues, flag concerns, find compromises, and build the foundations for success. States parties gathered in Geneva in December 2011 to reflect on what they had achieved, and looked forward to what they wished to accomplish in the next five years
Brucellosis
Brucellosis permanently belongs to the group of the most unpredictable re-emerging zoonotic and food borne disease, related to significant changes of global ecological map, identifying new species, hosts and reservoirs.
Disease primarily affects domestic and wild animals than transfer to humans by following ways: respiratory, contact, alimentary or combination.
Several areas traditionally considered to be endemic (e.g., France, Israel, and most of Latin Americaβs) have achieved control of the disease, while the situation in certain countries of the Near East (e.g., Syria) is rapidly worsening. The disease is still present, in varying trends, both in European countries and in the USA. Disease exists in Republic of Macedonia since 1980, with over 12.000 reported and confirmed human cases. All countries in the region reported brucellosis, with significantly different incidence.
The geographical distribution of brucellosis is constantly changing with new foci, reservoirs and new brucella strains.
The aim of this presentation is to: 1. present the experience of control and prevention of a small country with endemic areas of brucellosis; 2. emphasize the importance of new, recently identified brucella species, hosts and reservoirs.
Brucella melitensis biotype 2 was confirmed as etiological agent in Republic of Macedonia. Recent study based on molecular methods for species typing (AMOS PCR and RT PCR), and genotyping (MLVA-16 and MLVA-8), beside Brucella melitenisis also confirmed Brucella abortus (for the first time in Macedonia). Epidemiological data suggested about 23% of spreading the disease by alimentary way (foodborne disease due to consumption of unpasteurized milk, cheese, and undercooked infected meat), 34% by contact and 43 % by combined way of spreading brucellosis. Respiratory way is not often, happens in laboratories or working with infected animals. About 80% of patients lived in rural and 20% in urban areas. Disease in Mediterranean area has seasonal character with maximum in May-June and minimum in winter. Since 2008, national control strategy was completely changed from βtest and slaughterβ to vaccination of small ruminants (sheep and goats) with Rev 1 vaccine, applied intraocular. Results are significant decreasing of epizooty in animals and human morbidity (287, 167, 107, 94, 47, 35, 20, 23 and 21 new human cases in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively).
Genus Brucella represented a genetically homogeneous and clonal group of bacteria, but numerous new members were reported in recent years. Species genetically highly related to each other (> 99 %) associated with infections of numerous warm-blooded animals and humans, are classified as: 1. Terresterial mammalian hosts (Classical strains: B. melitensis, B. abortus, B. suis, B. canis, B. ovis, B. neotomae), 2. Marine mammals (B. ceti and B. pinnipedialis), and 3. βAtypicalβ, (B. microti, B. inopinata, B. papionis and B. vulpis).
Most recently isolated brucellae strains from cold-blooded, worldwide-distributed exotic frogs (βamphibianβ brucellae) were reported. These new brucellae species are capable to cause localized manifestations to generalized infections of frogs. Genetically highly diverse, these new strains, might represent several new brucella species or link between free living soil saprophytes and the pathogenic brucella. Therefore, frogs represents new and ecologically significant natural host and reservoir.
To date, there is no evidence that frogβs isolates represent a zoonotic threat, but precaution to avoid contacts with potentially infected amphibians until the zoonotic potential is better investigate and understood is useful advice.
Identification of new hosts and reservoirs, have significant contribution to understanding of evolution of the genus Brucella from a soil-associated motile bacterium to a host-adapted pathogen, but taxonomy of brucella is still controversial and debating is still going on.
Control of animal brucellosis is imperative for control of human brucellosis but it remain very complicated due large reservoirs.
In addition, of existing, new βamphibianβ -brucella species, new hosts and reservoirs increases the concerns for successful control and keeps brucellosis permanently on the list of most important re-emerging diseases
ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ 19 ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ° β ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅
ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π° Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈ ΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Ρ ΠΈΠΌΡΠ½ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ. OΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π²Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ (SARS CoV, MERS CoV ΠΈ SARS CoV-2), ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π·ΠΎΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΌΡΡ.
ΠΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π° Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠ² ΠΏΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΠ²ΡΠΈ 2019 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°, Π²ΠΎ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΡΡ
Π°Π½, Π²ΠΎ ΠΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΡ Π΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π½ Π½Π° 7 ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ 2020 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ 2019 β nCoV (novel Coronavirus), Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ½Π° (Π½Π° 11 ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ 2020) Π‘ΠΠ Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ²Π° Π²ΠΎ SARS-CoV-2, Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ COVID-19. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΎΡ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° SARS CoV-2 Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΡ Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ Π½Π° 10 ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ 2020 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°.
ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΡ, Π‘ΠΠ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΎ COVID-19 Π½Π° 11 ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ 2020 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°. Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈ (21 ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ²ΡΠΈ 2021), ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ 230,172,313, ΡΠΌΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ 4,719,645, ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π»Π΅ 206,874,302 ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈ.
ΠΠ΄ ΡΡΠ»ΠΈ 2021, ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈ Π½Π° SARS-CoV-2 Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΡ:
Π°Π»ΡΠ°, Π±Π΅ΡΠ°, Π³Π°ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ° Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ° (Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠ½Π° Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΡ).
ΠΠ΄ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊ, ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π° ΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π±ΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈ, Π½Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅: ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΡ (ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π½ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ Π²ΠΎ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°), Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° (PCR, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π°, Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈ), ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ° (ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ, Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°, Π²Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈ), ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ° (Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π½Π°: ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π°, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈ, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½, ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄, ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ°Π³ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠΈ, EXO-CD24), ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ βΠ½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈβ ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ β Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π΅ Π‘ΠΠ, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π², ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ.
ΠΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° (ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΏ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅) Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π°Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈ
Association between the Gut Microbiota and Obesity
BACKGROUND: People co-evolved with members of the microbiota and developed, used and adapted many complex immune mechanisms, which are used for monitoring and control of the microbiota. The gut microbiota in cooperation with humans became its essential part, so-called "hidden organ" with many important and indispensable functions. Quantitative and/or qualitative deficiency of the gut microbiota (dysbiosis) probably is a basis of many disorders, including obesity.AIM: To present an overview of the possible association between gut microbiota and obesity.METHODS: Meta-analysis of available scientific and published data including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane Library.RESULTS: In the intestinal microbiota at obese people is detected a specific increase in the proportion between class Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes despite the non-obese people. Also, it is detected a decrease in this proportion if the person lost weight. These facts may be secondary to obesity. The colonisation of germ-free mice with microbiota from ordinarily feed or obese mice, without changes in the feed style leads to increase body fat to more than 50%.CONCLUSION: The human gut microbiota directly affects the food digestion, absorption and metabolism. The gut microbiota of obese people has a higher capacity for receiving energy from the food than the microbiota at slim people. The gut microbiota affects appetite control and energy balance. Lifestyle and food regimen affect the diversity of the gut microbiota and the presence of dysbiosis
Evaluation of kidney dimensions in preterm infants at various gestational ages
Anthropometrica! characteristics are indicators of growth, development and health
situation.The aim of the research was defining the kidney dimensions in preterm infants at variosus gestational ages.Knowledge of these measurements may earlier diagnosis of a variety of abnormalities.Kidney dimensions (maximum longitudinal length, width, and anteroposterior diameter) in relation to gestational age, were determined in 120 preterm infants (48 females and 72 males), with gestational ages from 15 to 25 weeks.A highly significan correlation was found between renal dimensions and gestational age
ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° AΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΡ
ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π½Π° ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° Salmonella typhimurium Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° (ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π³) Π½Π° ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ ΠΌΡΡΠ°Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ. Π‘ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π° Π·Π±ΠΎΡ Π·Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ Π‘ΠΠ ΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ Ρ
Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΈ, Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, Π°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π·Π΅ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π΅ Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°, Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°, Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ. ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ² Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ» Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°, Bruce N. Ames, ΠΎΠ΄ Π£Π½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°. Π¦Π΅Π» Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΡ. ΠΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ, Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈ, Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡ, Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Salmonella typhimurium ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½Π° Π΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π±Π° Π½Π° ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ in vivo ΠΈ in vitro ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π·Π° Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π΅Π²Π°Π»ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ
Mouse embryo development under an enriched atmosphere of negative air ions: a pilot study
Several studies have shown that negative air ions may have positive effects on the living organisms. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether an enriched environment of negative air ions have an influence on the mouse embryo development. A controlled negative air-ion generator (CNAIG) was installed in a standard incubator and test embryos cultured under the enriched atmosphere with negative ions. Embryo development was judged in terms of blastocyst rates, blastocyst total cell number, and potential of these to develop to term.
In a first series of experiments, we observed that mouse embryos cultured in the atmosphere enriched with negative ions developed up to the blastocyst stage with a 96.1% (49/51) efficiency, similarly (p= 0.675)to controls 97.1% (32/34). Blastocysts obtained in the experimental group showed a total mean number of cells (110Β±20.1) statistically equivalent (p = 0.351) to controls (121Β±33.4) cultured under standard conditions. In a second series of experiments, blastocysts were transferred to synchronized pseudo-pregnant females, so embryo development could be followed in vivo. A total of 33.3% of the blastocysts transferred from the experimental group developed to term, in a similar proportion (p>0.05) to the control group (40%).In this pilot study, we demonstrate for the first time that mouse embryos cultured in an enriched negative ions atmosphere are able to develop in vitro and in vivo with very high successful rates.
Key words: controlled negative air-ion generator (CNAIG), mouse embryo development, in vitro fertilization, embryo culture
Antibacterial Activity of Selected Silver Nanoparticles Coatings - Our Initial Experience
Nanoparticles exhibits chemical and physical properties significantly different to their macro-scale counterparts composed of the same substance (due higher surface/volume ratio, colour, solubility, diffusivity,material strength, toxicity, thermodynamic, magnetic, optical and other
properties) and may have unique impacts on health and environment.
Extremelly small size (1-100 nm) enables them to enter the human body through usual or unusual routes, pass through cell membranes, or cross the blood-brain barrier. Gravity loses impact and importance, surface tension and Van der Waals constants has more importance in system of nano particles.
Nanotechnology is already used in various applications, with potential tobe applied at any stage in food industry: production, preservation, processing, packaging,transport, nanobarcodes for food authenticity and tracing, labelling, keeping the quality of food products, extend the products shelf-life, removal of undesirable tastes, flavours or allergens from food products, nano (bio)sensors for food safety, water filtration.
Risks of nanotechnology are still unknown and unpredictable. Initial scientific studies showed negative effects on living organisms and a potential for serious threat to human health.
Authorities of the most developed countries, have set up, guidance documents and procedures for nanoenabled products based on existing regulations, appropriate in vitro and in vivo ADME studies (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) and requirements for standardised and harmonised analytical test methods for proper risk assesments, clear identification and characterization of nano-hazards.
Nanotechnology in medicine (Nanomedicine) apply for rapid and sensitive detection of pathogenic bacteria and low levels of viruses, in small sample volumes, at lower costs than current in-use technologies. This advance in early detection enables accurate and prompt treatment.
Nano-robots to make repairs at the cellular level are under development. Rapid and sensitive detection methods, based on nano (bio) senzors, are developed for food-borne pathogens E. coli, especially E. coli O157:H7, S. aureus, S. typhimurium, C. jejuni, E. cloacae, B. subtilis, L. monocytogenes. Detection sensor to detect bacterial biofilm formation on surfaces are under development.
New strategies to combat multydrug resistant microorganisms (MDR) are urgently needed and nanomaterials are very promising approach. Small size provides large surface of
nanoparticles and at least 50% of molecules will react to the microorganisms.
Metal nanomaterials (silver, gold, copper, titanium, zinc, magnesium,cadmium, and alumina) possess advantage of unique antimicrobial activities. Scientists offers also new complex antibacterial and antiviral nano systems on the basis of metal oxides or intermetallic oxide compounds (such as TiO2, ZrO2, SnO and SiO2).
Inside the human body ionic silver quickly combines with chloride to form an insoluble compound called silver chloride which is far less reactive than metallic silver nanoparticles.
Some studies established that silver ions has strongest bactericidal effect, cooper and gold weaker one.
In our preliminary study on antibacterial activity of several different compositions of nanoparticle coatings (titanium, inox and silver), we found antimicrobial activity of silver, double composition of titanium and
silver against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, but not for E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes and Candida albicans. More extensive studies will follow.
Key words: Nanoscience, nanoparticles, silver, ions, biofilm, antimicrobial, antibiotic, resistance
ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ° Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈ
ΠΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°/ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ° Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π· ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π½Π΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΠΈ Π³ΡΠΈΠΆΠ°ΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ (Sackett DL,BJM,1996). ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ Π½Π° Π²Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π»Π°Ρ Π½Π° Π·Π½Π°Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡ/ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ½Π°ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ°Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° β Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ² ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π° Π½Π°Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΠ° ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠΏ/ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ½ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, Π° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈ.
ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°/ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ° Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π·Π½Π°Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π· ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΏ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡ. ΠΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ Π²Π°ΠΊΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΎΡ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ.
ΠΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π·Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π΅ΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° Π²ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°/ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ° Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈ
Screening of Chlamydia trachomatis urogenital infections among the male and female population of the Republic of Macedonia
Noninvasive urine screening for Chlamydia trachomatis infections offers a valuable public health tool, that could be of vast importance in Chlamydia control programs. The goal was to determine the prevalence of C. trachomatis infections among a sexually active population, to define the epidemiological factors associated with it, and to develop potential selective screening strategies among asymptomatic individuals in the Republic of Macedonia, using a highly sensitive and specific DNA amplification method for C. trachomatis. A total of 1435 urine samples, divided into two main groups: asymptomatic individuals (n = 1210) and symptomatic patients (n = 225), were tested. Samples from the asymptomatic group were collected during routine screening programs, while the symptomatic group consisted of patients with symptoms of urogenital tract infection, attending sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinics. The presence of C. trachomatis was determined using commercial AMPLICOR C. trachomatis Assay (Roche Diagnostic Systems, Inc., Branchburg, NJ, USA). The prevalence of C. trachomatis infections among different groups was: recruits 0%, soldiers 0.4%, policemen 3.5%, clerks 4.6%, pregnant women 4%, and students 4.4%. The average prevalence for both groups (asymptomatic and symptomatic) was 2.3%[95% confidence interval (CI): 1.5-3.1%]. The average prevalence for the asymptomatic group was 1.6% (95% CI: 0.8-2.4%), while the average prevalence for the symptomatic group was 6.2% (95% CI: 3.1-9.3%) which were significantly different (P = 0.00003). Testing first void urine specimens by AMPLICOR C. trachomatis assay is a highly sensitive and specific method for diagnosing C. trachomatis infections in men and women. This method provides health care workers and public health officials with a new molecular amplification assay that uses noninvasive urine specimens for population-based screening purposes. The prevalence of C. trachomatis was relatively low among asymptomatic individuals. However, selective screening strategies are highly recommended for testing the student population in the Republic of Macedonia.
Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 08/2005; 19(4):427-30. β’ 2.69 Impact Facto
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