Penggunaan Alih Kode dan Campur Kode dalam Interaksi Sosial Pada Masyarakat Kampung Adat Bukkang Mata Kota Makassa

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk dan faktor-faktor penyebab terjadinya alih kode dan campur kode,dalam peristiwa tutur Masyarakat Kampung Adat Bukkang Mata Kota Makassar. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif. Metode yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data penelitian ini adalah simak bebas libat cakap, rekam dan metode catat. Adapun metode analisis data dalam penelitian ini diawali dengan mendeskripsikan data berupa data rekaman percakapan di lapangan, proses selanjutnya adalah identifikasi data, dan terakhir dilakukan reduksi data. Keabsahan data diperoleh dari proses triangulasi dengan teknik triangulasi sumber data, pengamat, dan teori. Hasil penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut. Pertama, ditemukan adanya peristiwa alih kode. Alih kode yang terjadi adalah alih kode bahasa Indonesia ke Makassar, bahasa Makassar ke bahasa Indonesia. Faktor-faktor yang menjadi penyebab terjadinya peristiwa alih kode tersebut adalah (1) menyesuaikan latar belakang bahasa ibu penutur(2) hadirnya pihak ketiga, dan (3) perubahan topik pembicaraan. Kedua, ditemukan peristiwa campur kode. Bentuk campur kode yang terjadi berupa penyisipan kata. dan pengulangan kata. Faktor-faktor yang menjadi penyebab terjadinya peristiwa campur kode tersebut adalah (1) keterbatasan penguasaan kode, (2) kebiasaan menyisipkan partikel khas dan (3) maksud dan tujuan tutur. Kata kunci: alih kode, campur kod

Effect of Marine Environment to the Concrete Beams Strengthened Using GFRP Sheet

Structures built aggresive enviroment such ason the sea/marine environment is to be carefully designed, due to possibility of chloride ion penetration into the the concrete. One way to reduce the strength degradation in such environment is to use FRP, which is attached to the surface of R/C using epoxy. The study presented is focused on determining the effect of the sea water to the capacity of GFRP as flexural reinforcementelements. Beam of 10x10x40 cm dimension were designed without reinforcing bars. The samples were tested using variation to the distance to the sea and duration of the contact to sea.\ud The result showed that the use GFRP increased the flexural strength 84,21%, compared to the normal beam, without GFRP. It can also be seen that the closer the distance to the sea, the higher the strength degradation of the beam. The sample rinsed in the water has strength 2.53 kN. The result of this study also showed that for areas closer to the sea has a greater effect in terms decreasing flexural capacity of the bea

Gilbert Syndrome in a Young Ethiopian Man: First Case Report

BACKGROUND፡ Gilbert syndrome is a well-recognized condition causing unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia with otherwise normal transaminases and liver function tests. CASE: A 21 year old male patient presented with recurrent episodes of jaundice over four years. The episodes were preceded by stressful conditions and intercurrent illnesses. All laboratory prameters were normal except an unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. A diagnosis of Gilbert syndrome was made after careful clinical evaluation.CONCLUSION: Recognizing Gilbert syndrome has important clinical implicaitions by avoiding uncessary and expensive workup of patients with jaundice. Mangement entails avoiding stressful conditions and prolonged fasting.&nbsp

Frequency of cerebrovascular accidents and brain abscess in childrens with tetralogy of fallot Dr.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of cerebrovascular accidents and brain abscess in children of Tetralogy of Fallot presented with neurological manifestations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: It was a cross-sectional descriptive observational study done at the Pediatric Cardiology and Pediatric Neurology departments of The Children’s Hospital & Institute of Child Health, Lahore from Dec 2009 to Nov 2010. A total 75 patients of Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) up to the age of 15 years with neurological manifestation meeting the inclusion criteria were enrolled in this study. CT brain with contrast was conducted in all patients to look for evidence of cerebrovascular accident (stroke) and/or brain abscess. RESULTS: Out of total 75 patients of Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) presented with neurological manifestation 48 (64%) were having brain abscess, 24 (32%) were having cerebrovascular accident (CVA), 2 (2.6%) were having intracranial bleed and 1 (1.3%) was having meningoencephlitis. Disease breakdown according to age showed increasing frequency of brain abscess as age increases with maximum cases above 10 years of age. However maximum cases of CVA reported in patients below age of 2years. CONCLUSION: Brain abscess have found to be more frequent than cerebrovascular accidents in patients with tetralogy of fallot. Therefore, we should have a high index of suspicion of brain abscess in every unoperated patient of tetralogy of fallot presenting with neurological manifestation

Evaluasi Dan Penanganan Kerusakan Jalan Menggunakan Metode Surface Distress Index Pada Ruas Jalan Ahmad Malawat Kota Tidore Kepulauan

Abstrak Jalan merupakan prasarana transportasi darat yang banyak digunakan di suatu wilayah, kondisi jalan mempengaruhi aktivitas setempat. Penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi sifat dan tingkat kerusakan di Jalan Ahmad Malawat dan cara mengatasinya. Panjang jalan yang disurvei adalah 2650 m dan metode yang digunakan adalah Surface Distress Index (SDI). Data yang dibutuhkan untuk penyelidikan ini adalah dimensi kerusakan panjang, lebar dan kedalaman kerusakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis dan tingkat kerusakan jalan adalah bekas roda kendaraan sebesar 50,57%, retak sebesar 28,64%, lubang sebesar 16,30%, dan amblas sebesar 4,49%. Penanganan kerusakan berdasarkan jenis kerusakan pada permukaan jalan adalah:STA.0+800 – STA.2+000 dan STA.2+600 – STA.2+650 dalam kondisi baik, maka penanganannya dengan pemeliharaan rutin. Kondisi jalan ditangani dengan pemeliharaan berkala Pada STA.0+000 – STA.0+200 dan STA.2+400 – STA.2+600. Perawatan harus dilakukan dengan rehabilitasi untuk STA.0+200 – STA.0+600 dan STA.2+000 – STA.2+400 serta STA.0+600 – STA.0+800 dengan rekonstruksi. Kata Kunci:  Surface Distress Indeks, Kerusakan Jalan, Jenis Penanganan   Abstract The Road is a means of land transportation widely used in an area, and road conditions affect local activities. This research is to identify the nature and level of damage on Ahmad Malawat Street and how to overcome it. The length of the surveyed road is 2650 m, and the method used is the Surface Distress Index (SDI).  The data needed for this investigation are the dimensions of the damage length, width, and depth of damage. The results showed that the type and level of road damage were vehicle ruts by 50.57%, potholes by 16.30%, cracks by 28.64%, and sinking by 4.49%. The handling of damage based on the type of damage to the road surface is STA.0+800 – STA 2+000 and STA.2+600 – STA.2+650 in good condition, so handling it with regular maintenance. Road conditions are handled with periodeic maintenance At STA.0+000 – STA.0+200 and STA.2+400 – STA 2+600. The treatment must be carried out with rehabilitation for STA.0+200 – STA.0+600 and STA.2+000 – STA.2+400, STA.0+600 – STA.0+800 with reconstruction. Keywords: Surface Distress Indeks, Road Damage, Handling Typ

EFEK PERKUATAN GLASS FIBER REINFORCE POLYMER-SHEET PADA BALOK BETON BERTULANG DENGAN TULANGAN KOROSI

Abstrak Artikel ini menyajikan tentang balok beton bertulang yang tulangannya telah korosi kemudian diberi perkuatan ekternal berupa serat glass tipe lembaran atau Glass Fiber reinforced Polymer-Sheet (GFRP-S). Pada studi ini variabel berdasarkan variasi tingkat korosi pada tulangan. Lima macam benda uji yang digunakan berbentuk balok dengan dimensi 15x20 cm panjang 160 cm. Tulangan utama yang digunakan besi f12 dan tulangan sengkang f8-100. Mutu beton digunakan 25 MPa. Balok beton bertulangan normal tanpa perkuatan sebagai balok kontrol (BN), balok beton bertulangan normal dengan perkuatan GFRP-S (BP), balok beton bertulangan korosi dengan perkuatan GFRP-S (BPK), variasi waktu pengkorosian tulangan selama 2 minggu (BPK2), 4 minggu (BPK4) dan 6 minggu (BPK6) dengan metode perendaman pada larutan asam sulfat 2,0%. Balok diperkuat GFRP-S pada daerah Tarik di bagian bawah balok. Pengujian lentur dengan twopoint load. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa balok beton bertulang yang diperkuat dengan GFRP-S mempunyai kapasitas lebih besar dibandingkan dengan balok normal sebesar 12,07%. Balok beton bertulang dengan tulangan tingkat korosi lebih besar (pengkorosian 6 minggu) cenderung menurunkan kapasitas balok namun kapasitasnya masih lebih besar dari balok normal sebesar 1,38%. Kata kunci: balok beton, tulangan korosi, asam sulfat, GFRP-S  Abstract This article presents about reinforced concrete beams whose reinforcement has been corroded and then externally reinforced in the form of sheet type glass fiber or Glass Fiber Reinfroced Polymer-Sheet (GFRP-S). In this study, the variables are based on variations in the level of corrosion on the reinforcement. Five kinds of test objects used in the form of blocks with dimensions of 15x20 cm and length of 160 cm. The main reinforcement used is f12 and f8-100 stirrup reinforcement. The quality of the concrete used is 25 MPa. Normal reinforced concrete beams without reinforcement as control beams (BN), normal reinforced concrete beams with GFRP-S reinforcement (BP), corrosion reinforced concrete beams with GFRP-S reinforcement (BPK), variations in reinforcement corrosion time for 2 weeks (BPK2), 4 weeks (BPK4)and 6 weeks (BPK6) by immersion method in 2.0% sulfuric acid solution. The beam is reinforced with GFRP-S in the Tensile region at the bottom of the beam. Flexural test with two point load. The results showed that reinforced concrete beams reinforced with GFRP-S had a larger capacity than normal beams by 12.70%. Reinforced concrete beams with reinforcement with a higher corrosion rate (6 weeks corrosion) tend to reduce the capacity of the beam but its capacity is still larger than normal beams by 1.38%. Keywords: concrete beam, corrosion reinforcement, sulfuric acid, GFRP-S

EFEK PENAMBAHAN SERAT POLYPROPYLENE TERHADAP KUAT TEKAN BETON PADA PERKERASAN KAKU

Rigid pavement or cement concrete pavement is a construction (pavement) with aggregate and raw materials and uses cement as a binding material. Rigid pavements have good compressive strength, but in contrast to flexural strength, this is due to their brittle nature, so when planning rigid pavements, fiber is added to the concrete mixture in the hope of increasing the elastic or flexible properties of the rigid pavement itself. This study aims to analyze the effect of adding polypropylene fibers to a mixture of rigid pavement concrete with a variation of 0.1%; 0.3%; 0.5%; 0.7%; and 1.0% by weight of cement. Control test objects without using polypropylene fiber. The number of cylindrical specimens of 15x30 cm was 30 pieces. Compressive strength test. The results showed that the compressive strength were optimum at 0.30%.Perkerasan kaku atau perkerasan beton semen adalah konstruksi (perkerasan jalan) dengan agregat dan bahan baku serta menggunakan semen sebagai bahan pengikat. Perkerasan kaku memiliki kuat tekan yang baik, namun berbeda dengan kuat lentur, hal ini dikarenakan sifatnya yang getas, sehingga pada saat merencanakan perkerasan kaku, ditambahkan serat pada campuran beton dengan harapan dapat meningkatkan sifat elastis atau lentur dari perkerasan kaku itu sendiri. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh penambahan serat polypropylene pada campuran beton perkerasan kaku dengan variasi 0,1%; 0,3%; 0,5%; 0,7%; dan 1,0% berat semen. Benda uji tanpa menggunakan serat polypropylene sebagai benda uji kontrol. Jumlah benda uji berbentuk silinder 15x30 cm sebanyak 30 buah. Uji kuat tekan Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kuat tekan optimum pada kadar serat polypropylene 0,30% terhadap berat seme

KORELASI POROSITAS BETON TERHADAP KUAT TEKAN RATA-RATA

Agregat yang tersedia di alam umumnya mempunyai pori yang berbeda setiap satu lokasi, hal ini dapat dilihat dengan perbedaan nilai resapan air oleh agregat. Salah satu masalah yang dihadapi adalah bagaimana pengaruh porositas terhadap nilai kuat tekan beton, dengan perbedaan nilai faktor air semen (FAS).Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan dan pengaruh porositas beton dengan kuat tekan beton rata-rata. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengujian kuat tekan dan porositas beton. Penelitian ini menggunakan agregat kasar dari 3 lokasi yaitu Tubo, Bula, dan Togafo. Pembuatan benda uji dengan nilai FAS berbeda.Dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa semakin besar porositas maka kuat tekan beton semakin kecil. Dari hasil analisa regresi diperoleh nilai koefesien korelasi yaitu negatif, maka kedua variabel mempunyai hubungan tidak searah. Hubungan antara porositas agregat terhadap kuat tekan beton sangat kuat, hal ini dilihat dari hasil analisis data yang menunjukkan nilai korelasi atau hubungan antara dua variabel sangat erat

Economic Development in Extreme Environments

The role of the environment in the development process is frequently framed as a one-way interaction, with humans decoupling from natural systems, and often damaging them in the process. When the environment is granted an influential role, it is often in establishing the initial conditions under which development will take place, for example, through natural resource endowments or climate factors. However, in some extreme environments, it may be responsible for not only the initial opportunities available in a society, but also for continuously shaping those opportunities through time. The field of Sustainable Development is fundamentally concerned with this two-way interaction between the environment and society, recognizing both as part of a coupled system. The chapters in this volume demonstrate some of the costs associated with development in an extreme environment using methods from climate science, ecology, remote sensing, and economics. By looking at places exposed to tropical cyclones, to persistent pollution resulting from fires that burn readily in a drought-prone location, to annual floods that frequently and randomly strike households in a country, we see that the environment critically shapes aspects of societies and their economic opportunities. By no means are all opportunities dictated by the environment. However, these chapters robustly illustrate that the environment imposes some critical boundaries on development in extreme environments and policies aiming to increase welfare must take account of the coupling of social and natural systems