45 research outputs found
Differential Functional Constraints Cause Strain-Level Endemism in Polynucleobacter Populations.
The adaptation of bacterial lineages to local environmental conditions creates the potential for broader genotypic diversity within a species, which can enable a species to dominate across ecological gradients because of niche flexibility. The genus Polynucleobacter maintains both free-living and symbiotic ecotypes and maintains an apparently ubiquitous distribution in freshwater ecosystems. Subspecies-level resolution supplemented with metagenome-derived genotype analysis revealed that differential functional constraints, not geographic distance, produce and maintain strain-level genetic conservation in Polynucleobacter populations across three geographically proximal riverine environments. Genes associated with cofactor biosynthesis and one-carbon metabolism showed habitat specificity, and protein-coding genes of unknown function and membrane transport proteins were under positive selection across each habitat. Characterized by different median ratios of nonsynonymous to synonymous evolutionary changes (dN/dS ratios) and a limited but statistically significant negative correlation between the dN/dS ratio and codon usage bias between habitats, the free-living and core genotypes were observed to be evolving under strong purifying selection pressure. Highlighting the potential role of genetic adaptation to the local environment, the two-component system protein-coding genes were highly stable (dN/dS ratio, < 0.03). These results suggest that despite the impact of the habitat on genetic diversity, and hence niche partition, strong environmental selection pressure maintains a conserved core genome for Polynucleobacter populations. IMPORTANCE Understanding the biological factors influencing habitat-wide genetic endemism is important for explaining observed biogeographic patterns. Polynucleobacter is a genus of bacteria that seems to have found a way to colonize myriad freshwater ecosystems and by doing so has become one of the most abundant bacteria in these environments. We sequenced metagenomes from locations across the Chicago River system and assembled Polynucleobacter genomes from different sites and compared how the nucleotide composition, gene codon usage, and the ratio of synonymous (codes for the same amino acid) to nonsynonymous (codes for a different amino acid) mutations varied across these population genomes at each site. The environmental pressures at each site drove purifying selection for functional traits that maintained a streamlined core genome across the Chicago River Polynucleobacter population while allowing for site-specific genomic adaptation. These adaptations enable Polynucleobacter to become dominant across different riverine environmental gradients
Hurricane impacts on a pair of coastal forested watersheds: implications of selective hurricane damage to forest structure and streamflow dynamics
Hurricanes are infrequent but influential disruptors of ecosystem processes
in the southeastern Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Every southeastern forested
wetland has the potential to be struck by a tropical cyclone. We examined the
impact of Hurricane Hugo on two paired coastal South Carolina watersheds in
terms of streamflow and vegetation dynamics, both before and after the
hurricane's passage in 1989. The study objectives were to quantify the
magnitude and timing of changes including a reversal in relative
streamflow difference between two paired watersheds, and to examine the
selective impacts of a hurricane on the vegetative composition of the forest.
We related these impacts to their potential contribution to change watershed
hydrology through altered evapotranspiration processes. Using over 30 years of monthly rainfall and streamflow data we showed that there was a
significant transformation in the hydrologic character of the two watersheds
– a transformation that occurred soon after the hurricane's passage. We
linked the change in the rainfall–runoff relationship to a catastrophic
change in forest vegetation due to selective hurricane damage. While both
watersheds were located in the path of the hurricane, extant forest structure
varied between the two watersheds as a function of experimental forest
management techniques on the treatment watershed. We showed that the primary
damage was to older pines, and to some extent larger hardwood trees. We
believe that lowered vegetative water use impacted both watersheds with
increased outflows on both watersheds due to loss of trees following
hurricane impact. However, one watershed was able to recover to pre hurricane
levels of evapotranspiration at a quicker rate due to the greater abundance
of pine seedlings and saplings in that watershed
Assessment of Bioenergy Cropping Scenarios for the Boone River Watershed in North Central Iowa, United States
Several biofuel cropping scenarios were evaluated with an improved version of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) as part of the CenUSA Bioenergy consortium for the Boone River Watershed (BRW), which drains about 2,370 km2 in north central Iowa. The adoption of corn stover removal, switchgrass, and/or Miscanthus biofuel cropping systems was simulated to assess the impact of cellulosic biofuel production on pollutant losses. The stover removal results indicate removal of 20 or 50% of corn stover in the BRW would have negligible effects on streamflow and relatively minor or negligible effects on sediment and nutrient losses, even on higher sloped cropland. Complete cropland conversion into switchgrass or Miscanthus, resulted in reductions of streamflow, sediment, nitrate, and other pollutants ranging between 23‐99%. The predicted nitrate reductions due to Miscanthus adoption were over two times greater compared to switchgrass, with the largest impacts occurring for tile‐drained cropland. Targeting of switchgrass or Miscanthus on cropland ≥2% slope or ≥7% slope revealed a disproportionate amount of sediment and sediment‐bound nutrient reductions could be obtained by protecting these relatively small areas of higher sloped cropland. Overall, the results indicate that all biofuel cropping systems could be effectively implemented in the BRW, with the most robust approach being corn stover removal adopted on tile‐drained cropland in combination with a perennial biofuel crop on higher sloped landscapes
Mapping Intra-Field Yield Variation Using High Resolution Satellite Imagery to Integrate Bioenergy and Environmental Stewardship in an Agricultural Watershed
Tools for Remotely Assessing the Impact of Riparian Buffers Protecting Streams from Sediment Pollution
Proceedings of the 2007 Georgia Water Resources Conference, March 27-29, 2007, Athens, Georgia.A software package was assembled and evaluated for assessing the potential of soil erosion due to agricultural development within the Nzoia River basin (Kenya). Google Earth Pro was used to define site characteristics. An extensive analysis of the components of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and the US Forest Service sediment delivery ratio method was made to determine erosion potential and sediment yield respectively. The paired t-test comparison between GPS elevation and Google earth derived elevation showed difference between the elevations but the error margin was within the GPS unit’s error margin of 5 meters. The ground truth results obtained from measured data for Watkinsville (US) and Bukora (Uganda) watersheds compared to the predicted values yielded 6 % average deviation and 10.5 % average deviation respectively with R2 of 0.995. The Moore and Sergoit bridge sites located near Eldoret, Kenya were analyzed. The predicted average soil loss at Moore’s bridge site was 192 tons ha-1 yr-1 with a stream sediment yield of 1.8 tons ha-1 yr-1 while at Sergoit site is 5.3 tons ha-1 yr-1with a stream sediment yield of 0.05 tons ha-1 yr-1. It was deduced that Google Earth Pro is useful for the initial surveys in extracting site topographic and land use patterns. The Preliminary results suggested that agricultural pollution is not a threat in this particular region but would become as more riparian zones are cleared. Also, the rainfall energy of the region is close to that in the US, common crops of the US are in production, and the soils of the region are of the Ultisol and Oxisol classification (southeast US). Therefore, the US experience would be applicable.Sponsored and Organized by: U.S. Geological Survey, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Natural Resources Conservation Service, The University of Georgia, Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of TechnologyThis book was published by the Institute of Ecology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2202. The views and statements advanced in this publication are solely those of the authors and do not represent official views or policies of The University of Georgia, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Georgia Water Research Institute as authorized by the Water Resources Research Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-397) or the other conference sponsors
Effects of Uncertainty of Drainage Area on Low-Gradient Watershed Hydrology
2012 S.C. Water Resources Conference - Exploring Opportunities for Collaborative Water Research, Policy and Managemen
Beyond Correlation: the Search for Causal Relationships Between Flow Percentiles and Watershed Variables
Proceedings of the 2011 Georgia Water Resources Conference, April 11, 12, and 13, 2011, Athens, Georgia.The study explored use of causal feature selection algorithms to select dominant watershed variables that drive high, medium, and low flows. A two step approach was implemented. The first step minimized variable redundancy by examining variable relevance, variable redundancy, and conditional relevance of variable pairs whose correlation was greater than 0.9. The second step used six algorithms that seek to reconstruct a Bayesian network structure around a target variable for each flow percentile. Nineteen (19) flow percentiles were used to characterize high, medium, and low flow conditions of 26 Piedmont watersheds in the Mid-Atlantic. The algorithms included: (1) Grow-Shrink (GS); (2) interleaved-Incremental Association Markov Boundary (interIAMB) (3) Incremental Association Markov Boundary with Peter-Clark (IAMBnPC); (4) Local Causal Discovery (LCD2); (5) HITON-PC; and (6) HITON-MB. A new method was developed to quantify the reliability of each algorithm and its performance was compared to existing reliability methods. The effect of the initial number of variables on the final variable set selected by each algorithm was tested. Fusion of the algorithms was used to determine the overall dominant features for each flow percentile.Sponsored by:
Georgia Environmental Protection Division
U.S. Geological Survey, Georgia Water Science Center
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service
Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia Water Resources Institute
The University of Georgia, Water Resources FacultyThis book was published by Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2152. The views and statements advanced in this publication are solely those of the authors and do not represent official views or policies of The University of Georgia, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Georgia Water Research Institute as authorized by the Water Research Institutes Authorization Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-307) or the other conference sponsors
Streamflow Separation to Estimate Daily Unregulated Streamflow of Ungauged Watersheds in the Coastal Plains of Southeastern United States
2012 S.C. Water Resources Conference - Exploring Opportunities for Collaborative Water Research, Policy and Managemen
Evaluation of Paired Watershed Runoff Relationships since Recovery from a Major Hurricane on a Coastal Forest—A Basis for Examining Effects of Pinus palustris Restoration on Water Yield
The objective of this study was to test pre-treatment hydrologic calibration relationships between paired headwater watersheds (WS77 (treatment) and WS80 (control)) and explain the difference in flow, compared to earlier published data, using daily rainfall, runoff, and a water table measured during 2011–2019 in the Santee Experimental Forest in coastal South Carolina, USA. Mean monthly runoff difference between WS80 and WS77 of −6.80 mm for 2011–2019, excluding October 2015 with an extreme flow event, did not differ significantly from −8.57 mm (p = 0.27) for the 1969–1978 period or from −3.89 mm for 2004–2011, the post-Hurricane Hugo (1989) recovery period. Both the mean annual runoff coefficient and monthly runoff were non-significantly higher for WS77 than for WS80. The insignificant higher runoff by chance was attributed to WS77’s three times smaller surface storage and higher hypsometrical integral than those of WS80, but not to rainfall. The 2011–2019 geometric mean regression-based monthly runoff calibration relationship, excluding the October 2015 runoff, did not differ from the relationship for the post-Hugo recovery period, indicating complete recovery of the forest stand by 2011. The 2011–2019 pre-treatment regression relationship, which was not affected by periodic prescribed burning on WS77, was significant and predictable, providing a basis for quantifying longleaf pine restoration effects on runoff later in the future. However, the relationship will have to be used cautiously when extrapolating for extremely large flow events that exceed its flow bounds
Performance Characteristics of a Cooking Stove Improved with Sawdust as an Insulation Material
In developing countries, energy demand from biomass has increased due to exponential population growth. This has translated into voluminous quantities of wood being used. The situation is exacerbated by the popular use of inefficient stoves with low thermal insulation, hence contributing to deforestation. In this study, the performance of a cooking stove improved with sawdust as an insulation material was assessed. An insulated fire stove prototype of 26 cm saucepan diameter was designed, constructed, and cast with sawdust and clay in a ratio of 1 : 1 (as the first layer) and sawdust alone as the second layer. The developed stove was tested using a water boiling test to establish its operating performance. The thermal efficiency of the stove was assessed using indigenous wood fuels used in rural Uganda (Senna spectabilis, Pinus caribaea, and Eucalyptus grandis). Computational fluid dynamics was used to simulate the temperature and velocity fields within the combustion chamber and for generating temperature contours of the stove. Obtained results indicated that S. spectabilis had the highest thermal efficiency of 35.5 ± 2.5%, followed by E. grandis (25.7 ± 1.7%) and lastly P. caribaea (19.0 ± 1.2%) in the cold start phase when compared with traditional stoves. The stove remained cold as hot air was restricted to the combustion chamber with decreasing temperature contours toward the outer wall up to the ambient temperature. The velocity flow remained constant as the chamber was colored green throughout due to the shielding of the stove with sawdust as insulation. The heat flux generated indicated that a thick layer of 6 cm or more could ensure good insulation, and this could be further reduced by introducing more sawdust. The designed stove has the potential to reduce biomass consumption and emissions when compared to traditional cookstoves. The inclusion of a chimney draught in the fire stove prototype could reduce smoke and increase thermal efficiency. Further studies should focus on minimizing the thickness of the clay-sawdust (first) layer and increasing the thickness of the sawdust layer to reduce the weight of the fire stove