What About Fertilizers in Dry Years

Depsite some of the highest yields in history, there were some expressions of disappointment with fertilizers last year. Just what actually happened in 1954? Why not in 1953? This analysis by Iowa State College soils experts indicates not only what happened, but also what to expect in the future

Epidemiology of neurodegenerative diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review

BACKGROUND:Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries are experiencing rapid transitions with increased life expectancy. As a result the burden of age-related conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases might be increasing. We conducted a systematic review of published studies on common neurodegenerative diseases, and HIV-related neurocognitive impairment in SSA, in order to identify research gaps and inform prevention and control solutions. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE via PubMed, 'Banque de Donnees de Sante Publique' and the database of the 'Institut d'Epidemiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale' from inception to February 2013 for published original studies from SSA on neurodegenerative diseases and HIV-related neurocognitive impairment. Screening and data extraction were conducted by two investigators. Bibliographies and citations of eligible studies were investigated. RESULTS: In all 144 publications reporting on dementia (n=49 publications, mainly Alzheimer disease), Parkinsonism (PD, n=20), HIV-related neurocognitive impairment (n=47), Huntington disease (HD, n=19), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, n=15), cerebellar degeneration (n=4) and Lewy body dementia (n=1). Of these studies, largely based on prevalent cases from retrospective data on urban populations, half originated from Nigeria and South Africa. The prevalence of dementia (Alzheimer disease) varied between <1% and 10.1% (0.7% and 5.6%) in population-based studies and from <1% to 47.8% in hospital-based studies. Incidence of dementia (Alzheimer disease) ranged from 8.7 to 21.8/1000/year (9.5 to 11.1), and major risk factors were advanced age and female sex. HIV-related neurocognitive impairment's prevalence (all from hospital-based studies) ranged from <1% to 80%. Population-based prevalence of PD and ALS varied from 10 to 235/100,000, and from 5 to 15/100,000 respectively while that for Huntington disease was 3.5/100,000. Equivalent figures for hospital based studies were the following: PD (0.41 to 7.2%), ALS (0.2 to 8.0/1000), and HD (0.2/100,000 to 46.0/100,000). CONCLUSIONS: The body of literature on neurodegenerative disorders in SSA is large with regard to dementia and HIV-related neurocognitive disorders but limited for other neurodegenerative disorders. Shortcomings include few population-based studies, heterogeneous diagnostic criteria and uneven representation of countries on the continent. There are important knowledge gaps that need urgent action, in order to prepare the sub-continent for the anticipated local surge in neurodegenerative diseases

The enslaved Paul in an imperial context : 1 Corinthians 8:1-11:1

Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2017.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In 1 Corinthians 8:1-11:1, I attempted to address Paul’s response to his Corinthian audience concerning their eating of meat sacrificed to idols in temples. The main concern Paul addresses is the strong Corinthian Jesus-followers’ misuse of their Christian freedom. As a response to their misuse of their Christian liberty, I argued that Paul presents himself as an example of the proper use of Christian freedom. In a strategic action of self-denial, I posited that Paul’s example is that of one who uses his Christian liberty to become a slave to others in order to save many. Various scholars consider Paul’s example as limited to attractive Christian ethical conduct, and not an example that functions as a strategy for evangelism. I attempted to solve this problem by showing that Paul exhorts his Corinthian audience to imitate his approach of slavery which includes an admonition to evangelism and mission, and not an approach limited to the responsibility of embodying attractive Christian ethical conduct. The method I used to address this research is that of rhetorical criticism. In particular, I investigated Paul’s use of deliberative rhetoric as he persuades the strong Corinthians Jesus-followers to follow a strategic action of evangelism and mission. I attempted to show that Paul’s example of Christian freedom is to be viewed in the context of evangelism and not limited to a lifestyle of attractive Christian behaviour. In conclusion, I challenged individual Jesus-followers and the Church to adopt Paul’s use of Christian freedom in 1 Corinthians 8:1-11:1 as a model for evangelism and mission in contemporary contexts to partake in the spreading of the Gospel.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ek het, volgens 1 Korintiërs 8:1-11:1, probeer om Paulus se reaksie te ondersoek oor die Korintiërs se opvatting i.v.m die eet van vleis wat in tempels aan ’n afgod geoffer is. Die belangrikste kommer wat Paulus aanspreek, is Jesus se volgelinge in Korinte se misbruik van hul Christelike vryheid. In reaksie hierop, beskou ek Paulus as ʼn voorbeeld van wat ware Christelike vryheid werklik behoort te wees. Ek gaan ook van die veronderstelling uit dat Paulus juis sy Christelike vryheid gebruik om vir ander diensbaar te wees en om sodoende menige lewens te red. Vele geleerdes beskou die voorbeeld wat Paulus stel as beperk tot uitnemende Christelike etiese gedrag, en nie ʼn voorbeeld wat funksioneer as ʼn strategie vir evangelisasie nie. Ek het probeer bewys dat Paulus die Korintiërs aangemoedig het om sy benadering ten opsigte van slawerny te volg en dat hy hulle ook attent gemaak het op evangelisasie en sending én ook onder hul aandag gebring het dat sy benadering nie beperk is tot die verantwoordelikheid om uitnemende Christelike gedrag te beliggaam nie. Die metode van ondersoek wat ek gebruik het om hierdie probleem na te vors, is die retoriese kritiek-metode. Verder het ek ook in diepte Paulus se gebruik van beraadslagende kritiek ondersoek tydens sy poging om die groot aantal volgelinge van Jesus te oortuig om ʼn strategiese aksie van evangelisasie en sending na te volg. Voorts het ek ook gepoog om Paulus se voorbeeld van Christelike vryheid binne die evangeliese konteks te plaas en dit nie te beperk tot ʼn leefstyl van uitnemende Christelike gedrag nie. Ten slotte daag ek individuele volgelinge van Jesus en die Kerk uit om Paulus se gebruik van Christelike vryheid, soos in 1 Korintiërs 8:1-11:1 uiteengesit, te aanvaar as ‘n model vir evangeliese en sending in die hedendaagse konteks, ten tye van die verspreiding van die evangelie

What About Fertilizers in Dry Years

Depsite some of the highest yields in history, there were some expressions of disappointment with fertilizers last year. Just what actually happened in 1954? Why not in 1953? This analysis by Iowa State College soils experts indicates not only what happened, but also what to expect in the future.</p

Marked Increase of the Astrocytic Marker S100B in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of HIV-infected Patients on LPV/r-Monotherapy

OBJECTIVE: To determine changes of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of subjects on monotherapy (MT) with lopinavir/ritonavir. DESIGN:: The MOST trial compared monotherapy with ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (MT) with continued therapy (CT). The trial was prematurely stopped due to virological failure in six patients on MT. It thus offers a unique opportunity to assess brain markers in the early stage of HIV virological escape. METHODS:: 65 CSF samples (34 on CT and 31 on MT) from 49 HIV+ patients enrolled in MOST. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we determined the CSF concentration of S100B (astrocytosis), neopterin (inflammation), total Tau (tTau), phosphorylated Tau (pTau), and amyloid-beta 1-42 (Abeta), the latter three indicating neuronal damage. Controls: CSF samples of 29 HIV-negative patients with Alzheimer dementia (AD). RESULTS:: In the CSF of MT, concentrations of S100B and neopterin were significantly higher than in CT (p = 0.006 and p = 0.013, respectively) and AD patients (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0005, respectively). In AD, concentration of Abeta was lower than in MT (p = 0.005) and CT (p = 0.016) and concentrations of tTau were higher than in MT (p = 0.019) and CT (p = 0.001). There was no difference in pTau among the three groups. After removal of the 16 CSF with detectable viral load in the blood and/or CSF, only S100B remained significantly higher in MT than in the two other groups. CONCLUSIONS:: Despite full VL-suppression in blood and CSF, antiretroviral monotherapy with lopinavir/ritonavir can raise CSF levels of S100B, suggesting astrocytic damage

The relationship between HIV and prevalence of disabilities in sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review (FA).

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review evidence on the prevalence and risk of disabilities among children and adults living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: Articles were identified from 1980 to June 2013 through searching seven electronic databases. Epidemiological studies conducted in sub-Saharan Africa that explored the association between HIV status and general disability or specific impairments, with or without an HIV-uninfected comparison group, were eligible for inclusion. RESULTS: Of 12 867 records initially identified, 61 papers were deemed eligible for inclusion. The prevalence of disability was high across age groups, impairment types and study locations. Furthermore, 73% of studies using an HIV- comparator found significantly lower levels of functioning in people living with HIV (PLHIV). By disability type, the results were as follows: (i) for studies measuring physical impairments (n = 14), median prevalence of limitations in mobility and motor function among PLHIV was 25.0% (95% CI: 21.8-28.2%). Five of eight comparator studies found significantly reduced functioning among PLHIV; for arthritis, two of three studies which used an HIV- comparison group found significantly increased prevalence among PLHIV; (ii) for sensory impairment studies (n = 17), median prevalence of visual impairment was 11.2% (95%CI: 9.5-13.1%) and hearing impairment was 24.1% (95%CI: 19.2-29.0%) in PLHIV. Significantly increased prevalence among PLHIV was found in one of four (vision) and three of three studies (hearing) with comparators; (iii) for cognitive impairment in adults (n = 30), median prevalence for dementia was 25.3% (95% CI: 22.0-28.6%) and 40.9% (95% CI: 37.7-44.1%) for general cognitive impairment. Across all types of cognitive impairment, twelve of fourteen studies found a significant detrimental effect of HIV infection; (iv) for developmental delay in children with HIV (n = 20), median prevalence of motor delay was 67.7% (95% CI: 62.2-73.2%). All nine studies that included a comparator found a significant difference between PLHIV and controls; for cognitive development and global delay, a significant detrimental effect of HIV was found in five of six and one of two studies, respectively. In the nine cohort studies comparing vertically infected and uninfected children, eight showed a significant gap in development over time in children with HIV. Finally, fifteen of thirty-one (48%) studies found a statistically significant dose-response relationship between indicators of disease progression (CD4 or WHO stage) and disability. CONCLUSIONS: HIV is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa and the evidence suggests that it is linked to disabilities, affecting a range of body structures and functions. More research is needed to better understand the implications of HIV-related disability for individuals, their families as well as those working in the fields of disability and HIV so that appropriate interventions can be developed