The Bad Boll Enterprise 1948-1954

The thesis, however, does not deal with all the conferences which have been lumped together at times under the title of “Bad Boll.” This thesis limits itself to the free theological conferences which were held in Germany by the Missouri Synod primarily with Lutherans not in fellowship with the Missouri Synod, i.e., the Landeskirchen, the regional churches

The Bad Boll Enterprise 1948-1954

The thesis, however, does not deal with all the conferences which have been lumped together at times under the title of “Bad Boll.” This thesis limits itself to the free theological conferences which were held in Germany by the Missouri Synod primarily with Lutherans not in fellowship with the Missouri Synod, i.e., the Landeskirchen, the regional churches

Funktionelle Ergebnisse nach Prostatavaporisation mittels KTP-Laser

Objectives: We determined the impact of 80-Watt KTP laser therapy of the prostate on voiding function, quality of life, and sexual function. Methods: 45 patients with symptomatic BPH were treated by laser vaporization of the prostate. International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)and urodynamics were measured at baseline, 3mo and 12mo. Results: Despite transient micturition complaints (40%), all patients showed significant improvement in IPSS, urinary peak flow and detrusor pressure at peak flow at 3 mo and 12 mo. Post-void residual urine volume decreased, while IIEF scores and detrusor contractility were unaffected by the procedure. Conclusions: KTP laser therapy of the prostate achieves significant improvements both symptomatically and in objective micturition parameters. The procedure leads to a functional deobstruction of the lower urinary tract with steady improvement results throughout the follow up period

Lernwegsteuerung im E-Learning - ein alter Hut?

1 EINLEITUNG „[Der Lehrer] ist Anbieter des Wissens, nicht Überträger des Wissens. Er hat keinen Einfluß auf die kognitive Verarbeitung des angebotenen Wissens durch den Schüler. [...] Auch kommt es ‚weniger‘ auf reine Wissensvermittlung an, als vielmehr auf die Wissensverarbeitung, auf den Umgang mit dem Wissen und auf das Erkennen seiner Konstruktivität und Relativität. Ziel ist es hier, dem Schüler Wahlmöglichkeiten anzubieten.“ ([Wy95], S. 39). Im Sinne eines solchen Verständnisses von Konstruktivismus – welcher häufig mit modernem Lehren und Lernen gleichgesetzt wird – scheint es obsolet, E-Learning-Sequenzen für Schülerinnen und Schüler zu erarbeiten, die über eine Lernwegsteuerung verfügen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag soll diskutiert werden, ob es sich folglich bei der Idee einer Lernwegsteuerung basierend auf konditionalen Freigaben um einen – alten Hut – handelt. Im Projekt UnIbELT (Übergang Schule - Hochschule mit Unterstützung Internetbasierter E-Learning-Tools) haben von August 2009 bis März 2012 insgesamt 1037 Schüler in 71 Kursdurchläufen an E-Learning-Kursen teilgenommen. Zielstellung des Projektes ist es, die Studierfähigkeit von Schülern der Sekundarstufe II sächsischer Gymnasien durch E-Learning-Angebote stärker auszubilden. Die durch die hohe Zahl an Kursdurchläufen gewonnenen Erfahrungen erlauben uns ein fundiertes Urteil über die Akzeptanz solcher Angebote. Im Folgenden wird diskutiert, in welchem Maße die Freiheit der Lerner in der Studienvorbereitung im Interesse des Lernerfolgs durch geeignete Führung auf dem Lernweg eingeschränkt werden sollte. Dazu werden insbesondere die technischen und didaktischen Möglichkeiten dieses Vorgehens unter den konkreten Rahmenbedingungen des verwendeten Lernmanagementsystems OPAL betrachtet. Basierend auf den Erfahrungen aus den Kursdurchläufen (die jeweils mit einem Auswertungsgespräch mit Schülern und Lehrern abgeschlossen wurden ([HS12], S. 7)) und den Evaluierungs- und Weiterentwicklungszyklen der Kurse (vgl. „Richtlinien für Kursersteller“ ([DS11], S. 3)) wird dargestellt, wie die Leistungsüberprüfung und Lernwegsteuerung im Rahmen des Projektes UnIbELT im Kontext von didaktischen Intentionen und technischen Realisierungsmöglichkeiten umgesetzt wurde

Chemical Clearing and Dehydration of GFP Expressing Mouse Brains

Generally, chemical tissue clearing is performed by a solution consisting of two parts benzyl benzoate and one part benzyl alcohol. However, prolonged exposure to this mixture markedly reduces the fluorescence of GFP expressing specimens, so that one has to compromise between clearing quality and fluorescence preservation. This can be a severe drawback when working with specimens exhibiting low GFP expression rates. Thus, we screened for a substitute and found that dibenzyl ether (phenylmethoxymethylbenzene, CAS 103-50-4) can be applied as a more GFP-friendly clearing medium. Clearing with dibenzyl ether provides improved tissue transparency and strikingly improved fluorescence intensity in GFP expressing mouse brains and other samples as mouse spinal cords, or embryos. Chemical clearing, staining, and embedding of biological samples mostly requires careful foregoing tissue dehydration. The commonly applied tissue dehydration medium is ethanol, which also can markedly impair GFP fluorescence. Screening for a substitute also for ethanol we found that tetrahydrofuran (CAS 109-99-9) is a more GFP-friendly dehydration medium than ethanol, providing better tissue transparency obtained by successive clearing. Combined, tetrahydrofuran and dibenzyl ether allow dehydration and chemical clearing of even delicate samples for UM, confocal microscopy, and other microscopy techniques

Resolution of Ultramicroscopy and Field of View Analysis

In a recent publication we described a microscopical technique called Ultramicroscopy, combined with a histological procedure that makes biological samples transparent. With this combination we can gather three-dimensional image data of large biological samples. Here we present the theoretical analysis of the z-resolution. By analyzing the cross-section of the illuminating sheet of light we derive resolution values according to the Rayleigh-criterion. Next we investigate the resolution adjacent to the focal point of the illumination beam, analyze throughout what extend the illumination beam is of acceptable sharpness and investigate the resolution improvements caused by the objective lens. Finally we conclude with a useful rule for the sampling rates. These findings are of practical importance for researchers working with Ultramicroscopy to decide on adequate sampling rates. They are also necessary to modify deconvolution techniques to gain further image improvements

The remarkable vocal anatomy of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus): insights into low-frequency sound production in a marsupial species

Koalas are characterised by a highly unusual vocal anatomy, with a descended larynx and velar vocal folds, allowing them to produce calls with disproportionately low frequencies. Here we use advanced imaging techniques, histological data, classical macroscopic dissection and behavioural observations to provide the first detailed description and interpretation of male and female koala vocal anatomy. We show that both males and females have an elongated pharynx and soft palate, resulting in a permanently descended larynx. In addition, the hyoid apparatus has a human-like configuration in which paired dorsal, resilient ligaments suspend the hyoid apparatus from the skull, while the ventral parts tightly connect to the descended larynx. We also show that koalas can retract the larynx down into the thoracic inlet, facilitated by a dramatic evolutionary transformation of the ventral neck muscles. First, the usual retractors of the larynx and the hyoid have their origins deep in the thorax. Second, three hyoid muscles have lost their connection to the hyoid skeleton. Third, the genioglossus and geniohyoid muscles have greatly increased in length. Finally, the digastric, omohyoid and sternohyoid muscles, connected by a common tendinous intersection, form a guiding channel for the dynamic down-and-up movements of the ventral hyoid parts and the larynx. We suggest that these features evolved to accommodate the low resting position of the larynx and assist in its retraction during call production. We also confirm that the edges of the intra-pharyngeal ostium have specialised to form the novel, extra-laryngeal velar vocal folds, which are much larger than the true, intra-laryngeal vocal folds in both sexes, but more developed and specialised for low frequency sound production in males than in females. Our findings illustrate that strong selection pressures on acoustic signalling not only lead to the specialisation of existing vocal organs, but can also result in the evolution of novel vocal structures in both sexes

A need for logical and consistent anatomical nomenclature for cutaneous nerves of the limbs

The system of anatomical nomenclature needs to be logical and consistent. However, variations in translation to English of the Latin and Greek terminology used in Nomina Anatomica and Terminologia Anatomica have led to some inconsistency in the nomenclature of cutaneous nerves in the limbs. An historical review of cutaneous nerve nomenclature reveals that there are two general naming conventions: one primarily American and one primarily British. The American convention presents cutaneous nerves of the limbs in the format “medial brachial cutaneous nerve,” while the British convention presents the same nerve as “medial cutaneous nerve of the arm,” thereby translating “brachii” to “of the arm.” If logically and consistently applied throughout the body, the British convention would rename the sural nerve to the “nerve of the calf,” the brachial artery would become the “artery of the arm,” the femoral nerve would be “nerve of the thigh,” and femur would be “bone of the thigh” or “thigh bone.” The British convention leads to many other nomenclatural inconsistencies, which would seem to make learning anatomy more difficult for the beginning student. In this era of contracting anatomy curricula, every effort should be made to keep anatomical nomenclature simple, logical, and consistent. Anat Sci Ed 2:126–134, 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/63079/1/90_ftp.pd