El agua, excesos y déficits, en la producción agrícola de secano y pecuaria dentro de la cuenca inferior del río Salado

[Resumo] Nesta tese preséntanse as características dunha conca de chaira. Ponse énfase no funcionamento das augas subterráneas porque son as de máis doado acceso polo produtor agropecuario. Intégrase dentro da conca inferior do Río Salgado todo o sector de Baixos Submeridionais e utilízase a valiosa ferramenta que outorgan os Sistemas de Información Xeográfica para realizar planos e análises gráficas. Formúlanse os "sistemas hidroxeolóxicos non típicos" e trátase de validar un modelo conceptual para a rexión dende o punto de vista hidroxeolóxico, como é o proposto por Tóth (1963). O propósito de analizar o funcionamento do sistema é formular un camiño de coñecemento do medio que sexa a base para manter unha produción equilibrada ou, polo menos, coñecer os riscos de determinadas accións. Todo o traballo está baseado en datos de campo que se elaboraron ao longo de décadas de estudo na zona, complementado con estudos recentes. Formúlase a produción en zonas con climas moi variantes que, en poucos anos, provocan tanto inundacións desvastadoras como secas angustiosas. Preséntase a recarga artificial como medio para aumentar o reservorio subterráneo e paliar as crises en períodos de secas. Formúlase o coñecemento das augas subterráneas por parte dos produtores antes de sementar, para poder analizar os seus riscos. En ambas as dúas rexións propóñense os reservorios de auga para almacenamento durante os excesos e a evacuación controlada. Por último, conclúese que é posible realizar unha produción sustentable se se posúe unha boa base sobre o coñecemento da natureza. Esta tese baséase na recompilación, ordenamento e análise da información e plantexa direccións a explorar, como a recarga artificial de acuíferos.[Resumen] En esta tesis se presentan las características de una cuenca de llanura. Se pone énfasis en el funcionamiento de las aguas subterráneas por que son las de más fácil acceso por el productor agropecuario. Se integra dentro de la cuenca inferior del Río Salado todo el sector de Bajos Submeridionales y se utiliza la valiosa herramienta que otorgan los sistemas de información Geográfica para realizar planos y análisis gráficos. Se plantean los “sistemas hidrogeológicos no típicos” y se trata de validar un modelo conceptual para la región desde el punto de vista hidrogeológico como es el propuesto por Tóth (1963) y Tóth (2000). El propósito de analizar el funcionamiento del sistema es para plantear un camino de conocimiento del medio que sea la base para mantener una producción equilibrada o por lo menos conocer los riesgos de determinadas acciones. Todo basado en datos de campo que se han elaborado a lo largo de décadas de estudio en la zona complementado con estudios recientes. Se plantea la producción en zonas con climas muy variantes que en pocos años se pasa de inundaciones devastadoras a sequías angustiosas. Se presenta la recarga artificial como medio para aumentar el reservorio subterráneo y palear las crisis en períodos de sequías. Se plantea el conocimiento de las aguas subterráneas por parte de los productores antes de sembrar para poder analizar sus riesgos. En ambas regiones se proponen los reservorios de agua para almacenamiento durante los excesos y la evacuación controlada. Por último, se concluye que es posible realizar una producción sustentable si se posee una buena base sobre el conocimiento de la naturaleza, esta tesis pretende aportar en la recopilación, ordenamiento, análisis de la información y deja planteados direcciones a explorar como la recarga artificial de acuíferos.[Abstract] This thesis presents the characteristics of a flatland basin with emphasis on the dynamic of ground water that are more easily accessible for farmers. The selected place belongs to Rio Salado inferior basin, within the Bajos Submeridionales region. It is used the powerful tool provided by Geographic Information Systems for drawing planes and graphical analysis. The concept of “non-typical hydrogeologic systems” is postulated and there is an attempt to validate the hydrogeologic conceptual model for the region, based on the model proposed by Tóth (1963) y Tóht (2000). The purpose of analyzing the performance of the system is to proposed an approach in which knowledge of the environment is the basis for maintaining a balanced production, or at least know the risk associated with certain actions. This work is based on data field compiled through decades of research, complemented with recent studies. Farming is posed in areas with widely varying climates in a few years go from devastating floods to distressing droughts. Artificial recharge is presented as a mean to increase the underground reservoir and mitigate crisis in periods of drought. Awareness of groundwater condition before planting is highlighted in order to analyze risks for producers or farmers. In both regions water storage reservoirs are proposed to manage excess and controlled evacuation. Finally, it is concluded that sustainable production is possible if there is good basic knowledge of nature. This thesis seeks to contribute in the collection, management, analysis of data and set directions to explore as artificial recharge of aquifers

Water for livestock cattle in the lower submeridional and areas of influence

En el norte de la provincia de Santa Fe, especialmente en la Cuña Boscosa, Bajos Submeridionales y Domo Occidental, se encuentran más de tres millones de cabezas de ganado vacuno, donde uno de los principales condicionantes en la producción es la irregular calidad del agua subterránea para el abrevado de la hacienda. La fl uctuación entre escenarios hidrológicos secos y húmedos repercute directamente en la producción, donde no solo varía el nivel freático del acuífero libre, único aprovechable, sino fundamentalmente la calidad química del agua. El INTA, articulando con el INA, con el Gobierno de Santa Fe y con Centros de Estudio de la UNL, ha concretado unidades demostrativas de investigación y transferencia en campos de productores y unidades experimentales de la Institución, diseñando y proponiendo distintas tecnologías consensuadas con los productores en lo que hace al manejo del agua de lluvia complementada con la subterránea. 3 Sistemas de Aguadas se concretaron con diferentes maneras de aprovechar el agua de lluvia con el agua subterránea, sistematizando terrenos para garantizar el acceso y recarga del acuífero libre, con mecanismos de bombeo mediante energía renovable y con sistemas de succión que lo hacen en la parte superfi cial del acuífero, donde todos convergen a un tanque central de mezcla, para garantizar así que todos los animales tomen agua con la misma calidad química, cualquiera sea el lugar de pastaje. Desde el año 2011 se monitorean las variables de interés, donde la premisa es tener controlada la salinidad del agua en el tanque central de mezcla y que sus variaciones a través del año sean graduales, ya que esto maximiza la producción ganadera. Esto se visualiza en cada uno de los 3 sistemas y, fundamentalmente en el tanque central de mezcla, donde la cantidad, calidad y oportunidad durante el año evidencian claramente resultados muy positivos en el lugar estudiado.In the north of the province of Santa Fe, especially in the forest wedge, Lower Submeridionals and Occidental Domo, there are more than three million head of cattle, where one of the main determinants of production is the irregular quality of groundwater For the watering of the hacienda. The fl uctuation between dry and wet hydrological scenarios has a direct impact on production, where not only the free water table, which is the only available water, varies, but also the chemical quality of the water. In collaboration with the INA, the Government of Santa Fe and UNL Research Centers, INTA has developed research and transfer demonstration units in the fi elds of producers and experimental units of the Institution, designing and proposing different technologies that are consensual with the Producers in the management of rainwater supplemented with the underground. 3 water systems were implemented with different ways of using rainwater with groundwater, systematizing terrain to guarantee access and recharge of the free aquifer, with pumping mechanisms using renewable energy and with suction systems that do it in the part Surface of the aquifer, where all converge to a central mixing tank, to ensure that all animals take water with the same chemical quality, whatever the place of grazing. Since 2011 the variables of interest are monitored, where the premise is to have controlled the salinity of the water in the central mixing tank and that its variations throughout the year are gradual, since this maximizes livestock production. This is visualized in each of the three systems and, fundamentally in the central mixing tank, where the quantity, quality and opportunity during the year clearly show very positive results in the place studied.Fil: Basan Nickisch, Mario. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Reconquista; ArgentinaFil: Lahitte, Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Consejo Directivo; ArgentinaFil: Sosa, Dora Cecilia. Instituto Nacional del Agua. Centro Regional Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Sanchez, Luciano Emilio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Reconquista; ArgentinaFil: Tosolini, Ruben Americo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentin

Debates contemporáneos en derecho de familias, de infancias y de adolescencias

This work results from the call for proposals “Contemporary debates on family, childhood and adolescent law. Challenges and realities” carried out by the Luis Amigó Catholic University. It consists of a series of contributions from academics and professionals who seek, from an interdisciplinary perspective, to broaden the debate in family, childhood, and adolescent law. The reader will find reflections on the transformation in affective relationships between couples in Colombia, the recognition of successor rights to foster children, the right to probation in family law from a gender perspective, and the importance of citizenship education of children and adolescents. Likewise, the reader will be able to delve into issues of social and environmental relevance, such as the drama of migrant children, the armed conflict and forced recruitment, and the active role of children and adolescents in the fight against climate change and conservation of the Amazon.PublishedEsta obra es resultado de la convocatoria “Debates contemporáneos en derecho de familias, de infancias y de adolescencias. Desafíos y realidades” realizada por la Universidad Católica Luis Amigó. Consta de una serie de contribuciones de académicos y profesionales los cuales pretenden, desde una mirada interdisciplinar, ampliar el debate en el área de derecho de familias, infancia y adolescencia. Es así como el lector encontrará reflexiones en torno a la transformación en las relaciones afectivas entre las parejas en Colombia, el reconocimiento de derechos sucesorales a los hijos de crianza, el derecho probatorio en derecho de familia desde una perspectiva de género y la importancia de la formación ciudadana de los niños, niñas, adolescentes. Asimismo, el lector podrá profundizar en temas de relevancia social y ambiental como el drama de infancias migrantes, el conflicto armado y reclutamiento forzado, y el rol activo de los niños, niñas y adolescentes en la lucha contra el cambio climático y en la conservación de la Amazonía

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Violencias huérfanas contra las mujeres en relaciones de pareja transitorias de estudiantes en universidades colombianas.

Violence in transient and dating relationships can be considered an orphan violence in Colombia due to its lack of recognition and legal protection. The objective of this qualitative research was to analyze violence in intimate partner relationships, by including dating and other relationships comparable to dating, in Colombia. Grounded theory was used. Information was collected through eight focus groups with 63 university students in the following cities: Medellin, Quibdó, Pereira, and Cali. They frequently establish transitory relationships where different forms of violence are naturalized and require specific legislative measures for their protection.La violencia en relaciones transitorias y de noviazgo puede considerarse una violencia huérfana en Colombia por su falta de reconocimiento y protección jurídica. El objetivo de esta investigación cualitativa fue analizar la violencia en las relaciones de pareja, incluyendo noviazgo y otras relaciones equiparables a éste, en Colombia. Se empleó la teoría fundamentada. La información se recopiló mediante ocho grupos focales con 63 estudiantes de universidades en las ciudades de Medellín, Quibdó, Pereira y Cali. Con frecuencia establecen relaciones transitorias de pareja donde existen diferentes formas de violencia naturalizadas, que requieren medidas legislativas específicas para su protección

Effect of SGLT2 Inhibitors on Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Results From the CREDENCE Trial and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Chronic kidney disease with reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate or elevated albuminuria increases risk for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. This study assessed the effects of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) on stroke and atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF/AFL) from CREDENCE (Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes With Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation) and a meta-analysis of large cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) of SGLT2i in type 2 diabetes mellitus.METHODS: CREDENCE randomized 4401 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease to canagliflozin or placebo. Post hoc, we estimated effects on fatal or nonfatal stroke, stroke subtypes, and intermediate markers of stroke risk including AF/AFL. Stroke and AF/AFL data from 3 other completed large CVOTs and CREDENCE were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis.RESULTS: In CREDENCE, 142 participants experienced a stroke during follow-up (10.9/1000 patient-years with canagliflozin, 14.2/1000 patient-years with placebo; hazard ratio [HR], 0.77 [95% CI, 0.55-1.08]). Effects by stroke subtypes were: ischemic (HR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.61-1.28]; n=111), hemorrhagic (HR, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.19-1.32]; n=18), and undetermined (HR, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.20-1.46]; n=17). There was no clear effect on AF/AFL (HR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.53-1.10]; n=115). The overall effects in the 4 CVOTs combined were: total stroke (HRpooled, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.82-1.12]), ischemic stroke (HRpooled, 1.01 [95% CI, 0.89-1.14]), hemorrhagic stroke (HRpooled, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.30-0.83]), undetermined stroke (HRpooled, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.49-1.51]), and AF/AFL (HRpooled, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.71-0.93]). There was evidence that SGLT2i effects on total stroke varied by baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (P=0.01), with protection in the lowest estimated glomerular filtration rate (<45 mL/min/1.73 m2]) subgroup (HRpooled, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.31-0.79]).CONCLUSIONS: Although we found no clear effect of SGLT2i on total stroke in CREDENCE or across trials combined, there was some evidence of benefit in preventing hemorrhagic stroke and AF/AFL, as well as total stroke for those with lowest estimated glomerular filtration rate. Future research should focus on confirming these data and exploring potential mechanisms. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02065791

Kidney and Cardiovascular Effects of Canagliflozin According to Age and Sex: A Post Hoc Analysis of the CREDENCE Randomized Clinical Trial

Rationale & Objective: It is unclear whether the effect of canagliflozin on adverse kidney and cardiovascular events in those with diabetic kid-ney disease varies by age and sex. We assessed the effects of canagliflozin among age group categories and between sexes in the Canagli-flozin and Renal Endpoints in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation (CREDENCE) study.Study Design: Secondary analysis of a random-ized controlled trial. Setting & Participants: Participants in the CREDENCE trial. Intervention: Participants were randomly assigned to receive canagliflozin 100 mg/d or placebo.Outcomes: Primary composite outcome of kid-ney failure, doubling of serum creatinine con-centration, or death due to kidney or cardiovascular disease. Prespecified secondary and safety outcomes were also analyzed. Out-comes were evaluated by age at baseline (<60, 60-69, and >_70 years) and sex in the intention-to-treat population using Cox regression models.Results: The mean age of the cohort was 63.0 & PLUSMN; 9.2 years, and 34% were female. Older age and female sex were independently associ-ated with a lower risk of the composite of adverse kidney outcomes. There was no evidence that the effect of canagliflozin on the primary outcome (acomposite of kidney failure, a doubling of serum creatinine concentration, or death from kidney or cardiovascular causes) differed between age groups (HRs, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.52-0.87], 0.63 [0.4 8-0.82], and 0.89 [0.61-1.29] for ages <60, 60-69, and >_70 years, respectively; P = 0.3 for interaction) or sexes (HRs, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.5 4-0.95] and 0.69 [0.56-0.8 4] in women and men, respectively; P = 0.8 for interaction). No differences in safety outcomes by age group or sex were observed.Limitations: This was a post hoc analysis with multiple comparisons.Conclusions: Canagliflozin consistently reduced the relative risk of kidney events in people with diabetic kidney disease in both sexes and across age subgroups. As a result of greater background risk, the absolute reduction in adverse kidney outcomes was greater in younger participants.Funding: This post hoc analysis of the CREDENCE trial was not funded. The CREDENCE study was sponsored by Janssen Research and Development and was conducted collaboratively by the sponsor, an academic-led steering committee, and an academic research organization, George Clinical.Trial Registration: The original CREDENCE trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with study number NCT02065791