Visualising complex networks within humanities data for discovery and analysis

This paper describes the preliminary work leading to a project to build a web services visualisation tool that addresses the multi‐dimensional metadata used to describe cultural datasets, especially those created by researchers to meet specific research ends. The project will utilise the Knalij service developed by Steven Melnikoff (Information Physics, The University of Melbourne) together with datasets curated using the eScholarship Research Centre’s Online Heritage Resource Manager (OHRM) system. In the first instance it is proposed that the Encyclopedia of Australian Science and the Australian Women’s Register datasets be used to operationalise the tool. Using offline visualisation tools, the study of both embedded and implied complex network structures within standards‐based Humanities datasets has revealed significant potential for analysis, navigation, discovery, and the development of new research methods. In October 2011 Knalij was awarded the USA challenge.gov prize for the most innovative uses of National Library of Medicine data. Knalij offers an interactive web service that can visualise the whole of PubMed in real time. This is a landmark achievement that opens up web services, real‐time visualisation capability for complex Humanities datasets with both synchronic and diachronic variables. As noted in the Knalij press release in October: ‘We visualized the entirety of cancer research since 1800 and displayed the progression through the decades. Our maps are searchable, interactive, and ready for researchers to discover trends, patterns, and connections. This is the first time that anyone has visually displayed the entire scope of cancer research in one searchable application. We are very excited to present this to the world'. The paper will focus on Australian Humanities research‐driven datasets and explore a range of uses from project management and documentation to the revelation of novel insights and understandings.Australian Academy of the Humanities; the ANU College of Arts and Social Science

Management of hemiplegic shoulder pain: A UK-wide online survey of physiotherapy and occupational therapy practice

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore, via an online survey, how therapists assess, diagnose and manage hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP) in the United Kingdom. The objectives were to explore (1) how therapists assessed HSP, (2) what the aims of therapy were, (3) what interventions therapists used, (4) what outcome measures therapists used, (5) what training of HSP therapists had, and (6) what barriers therapists experienced in the management of HSP. Methods: An online survey was distributed to physiotherapists (PTs) and occupational therapists (OTs) working in stroke rehabilitation via professional bodies' interest groups. Results: Sixty-seven responses were received: 40 (60%) were PTs and 27 (40%) were OTs. Therapists routinely screened for HSP (n = 59, 89%). When HSP was assessed, 33 (50%) spent 10 min on assessment. Patient-reported pain was used for assessment of HSP by 66 (99%) of respondents. Frequent interventions included positioning (n = 62, 94%), posture re-education (n = 57, 86%), and range of motion exercises (n = 55, 83%). Range of movement was used as an outcome measure by 31 (47%). Sixty (91%) respondents reported receiving training in HSP management. Time constraints (n = 41, 62%) and lack of diagnosis of HSP (n = 33, 54%) were identified as barriers to providing appropriate care to people with HSP. Conclusion: Study findings showed varied practice in the assessment and treatment for HSP and indicate that time constraints are a considerable barrier to the management of these patients. Further research is required to establish best practice which may help improve outcomes and care for people with poststroke shoulder pain

Effects of scent enrichment on behavioural and physiological indicators of stress in zoo primates

© 2021 The Authors. Published by Wiley. This is an open access article available under a Creative Commons licence. The published version can be accessed at the following link on the publisher’s website: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23247Captive breeding is vital for primate conservation, with modern zoos serving a crucial role in breeding populations of threatened species and educating the general public. However, captive populations can experience welfare issues that may also undermine their reproductive success. In order to enhance the well-being of endangered zoo primates, we conducted a study to assess the effects of a new scent enrichment programme on captive red-ruffed lemurs (Varecia rubra), black howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya), siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus), Lar gibbons (Hylobates lar) and orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus). We combined behavioural observations and faecal endocrinology analyses to evaluate the effects of a series of essential oils (benzoin, lavender, lemongrass) on five captive troops (N = 19) housed at Dudley Zoo & Castle and Twycross Zoo (UK). We recorded observations of natural species-specific and abnormal stress-related behaviours for 480 hr using instantaneous scan sampling. We collected 189 faecal samples and measured the faecal cortisol concentrations using radioimmunoassay. We found a significant effect of the scent enrichment on behaviours, with red-ruffed lemurs and black howler monkeys reducing their social interactions, as well as red-ruffed lemurs and Lar gibbons decreasing their stress-related behaviours, after they were exposed to the series of essential oils. We also found that red-ruffed lemurs displayed a significant increase in faecal glucocorticoids following the exposure to essential oils. Our contradictory findings suggest that the effects of this series of essential oils may change depending on the species-specific social lives and olfactory repertoires of primates. In conclusion, we cannot recommend using these essential oils widely with zoo primates without additional evaluation

Towards an odour-baited trap to control Musca sorbens, the putative vector of trachoma.

Musca sorbens is a synanthropic filth fly that aggressively attacks people to feed from mucous membranes of the eyes, nose or mouth, from open sores, or from sweat. It has long been suspected that this fly contributes to the transmission of eye infections, particularly trachoma, and recent work has added to the evidence base that M. sorbens is a trachoma vector in Ethiopia. There are few options to control M. sorbens, largely due to a lack of evidence. Space spraying with insecticides is effective, but an environmentally sound and long-term sustainable solution would be better, for example, mass trapping. We tested commercially available and homemade trap types in a pilot (laboratory) study and three field studies. A homemade design, built from a bucket and two empty water bottles, baited with a commercially available lure, The Buzz, was found to be most effective. This trap caught 3848 M. sorbens over 26 trap 'events' (3- or 4-day periods); mean/median per 24 h 43.6 (standard deviation 137.10)/2.25 (IQR 0.25-12.67). The Buzz lure is cheap and effective for 4 weeks, and trap components cheap and locally available. Further studies are needed to understand the impact of this trap on local fly populations and the local transmission of trachoma

Effect of remote ischaemic conditioning on clinical outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (CONDI-2/ERIC-PPCI): a single-blind randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Remote ischaemic conditioning with transient ischaemia and reperfusion applied to the arm has been shown to reduce myocardial infarct size in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). We investigated whether remote ischaemic conditioning could reduce the incidence of cardiac death and hospitalisation for heart failure at 12 months. METHODS: We did an international investigator-initiated, prospective, single-blind, randomised controlled trial (CONDI-2/ERIC-PPCI) at 33 centres across the UK, Denmark, Spain, and Serbia. Patients (age >18 years) with suspected STEMI and who were eligible for PPCI were randomly allocated (1:1, stratified by centre with a permuted block method) to receive standard treatment (including a sham simulated remote ischaemic conditioning intervention at UK sites only) or remote ischaemic conditioning treatment (intermittent ischaemia and reperfusion applied to the arm through four cycles of 5-min inflation and 5-min deflation of an automated cuff device) before PPCI. Investigators responsible for data collection and outcome assessment were masked to treatment allocation. The primary combined endpoint was cardiac death or hospitalisation for heart failure at 12 months in the intention-to-treat population. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02342522) and is completed. FINDINGS: Between Nov 6, 2013, and March 31, 2018, 5401 patients were randomly allocated to either the control group (n=2701) or the remote ischaemic conditioning group (n=2700). After exclusion of patients upon hospital arrival or loss to follow-up, 2569 patients in the control group and 2546 in the intervention group were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. At 12 months post-PPCI, the Kaplan-Meier-estimated frequencies of cardiac death or hospitalisation for heart failure (the primary endpoint) were 220 (8·6%) patients in the control group and 239 (9·4%) in the remote ischaemic conditioning group (hazard ratio 1·10 [95% CI 0·91-1·32], p=0·32 for intervention versus control). No important unexpected adverse events or side effects of remote ischaemic conditioning were observed. INTERPRETATION: Remote ischaemic conditioning does not improve clinical outcomes (cardiac death or hospitalisation for heart failure) at 12 months in patients with STEMI undergoing PPCI. FUNDING: British Heart Foundation, University College London Hospitals/University College London Biomedical Research Centre, Danish Innovation Foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation, TrygFonden

23_Knibb_et_al_1981_Inversion_frequencies

This data file contains frequencies of the In(2L)t, In(2R)NS, In(3L)Payne, In(3R)Payne and the In(3R)C inversion of 12 Drosophila melanogaster populations collected in 1978-1979 (extracted from Table 1). When using this data, please cite the original publication: Knibb, W. R., Oakeshott, J. G. and Gibson, J. B. (1981). Chromosome inversion polymorphism in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Latitudinal clines and associations between inversions in Australasian populations. Genetics 98: 833-84

86_Loeschcke_et_al_2000_Development_time_&_viabiliy_lab_pops

This data file contains mean development time (days) and viability (%) for 5 Drosophila buzzatii and aldrichi lab populations that were collected in 1994. These populations were kept in the lab for five generations at 25°C and measurements were taken on progeny of the fifth generation which were reared at three temperature treatments (20, 25 and 30°C).When using this data, please cite the original publication: Loeschcke, Volker, Bundgaard, Jørgen, and Barker, J S F (2000). Variation in body size and life history traits in Drosophila aldrichi and D. buzzatii from a latitudinal cline in eastern Australia. Heredity 85: 423-43

15_Hoffmann_et_al_2003_Overwinter_fecundity

This data set contains means, standard deviation (SD) and standard error (SE) of fecundity rate (daily per female egg output), midpoint of egg output (time to produce half the eggs in a cage over the time interval tested) and mortality (number of flies alive out of 34 at the end of the experiment) for seven D. melanogaster populations. Note longitudes in data are approximate. When using this data, please cite the original publication: Hoffmann, A. A., Scott, M., Partridge, L. and Hallas, R. (2003). Overwintering in Drosophila melanogaster: outdoor field cage experiments on clinal and laboratory selected populations help to elucidate traits under selection. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 16: 614-62

08 Hoffmann & Shirriffs 2002, Wing traits

This data file contains x and y coordinates of nine landmarks for wings and different traits related to wing shape for 19 Drosophila serrata populations collected in 2001. Measurements were taken for up to 10 isofemale lines per population. Wing_aspect was defined as wing length (the linear distance between landmarks 3 and 6) divided by the square root of wing area (here taken to be centroid size). Angle (outer-wing aspect) was defined as the angle between the vectors from landmarks 2 and 8 and the vector between landmarks 4 and 8. Wing proportion (outer_wing aspect) was defined as the linear distance between landmarks 2 and 4 divided by wing length (Fig. 2). Note longitudes in data are approximate. When using this data, please cite the original publication: Hoffmann, Ary A. and Shirriffs, Jennifer (2002). Geographic variation for wing shape in Drosophila serrata. Evolution 56: 1068-107

6 Griffiths et al. 2005 Stress resistance & wing size

This data file contains means and standard errors (SE) of wing centroid size (mm), starvation resistance (LT50 in hours), desiccation resistance (hours to death), heat knockdown time (minutes) and cold recovery time (seconds) of female Drosophila birchii originating from 11 populations collected in 2002 (Table 3, Fig. 2). Note longitudes in data are approximate. When using this data, please cite the original publication: Griffiths, J. A., Schiffer, M., and Hoffmann, A. A. (2005). Clinal variation and laboratory adaptation in the rainforest species Drosophila birchii for stress resistance, wing size, wing shape and development time. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 18: 213-22