145 research outputs found
Justifications-on-demand as a device to promote shifts of attention associated with relational thinking in elementary arithmetic
Student responses to arithmetical questions that can be solved by using arithmetical structure can serve to reveal the extent and nature of relational, as opposed to computational thinking. Here, student responses to probes which require them to justify-on-demand are analysed using a conceptual framework which highlights distinctions between different forms of attention. We analyse a number of actions observed in students in terms of forms of attention and shifts between them: in the short-term (in the moment), medium-term (over several tasks), and long-term (over a year). The main factors conditioning students´ attention and its movement are identified and some didactical consequences are proposed
Teaching and Learning of Calculus
This survey focuses on the main trends in the field of calculus education. Despite their variety, the findings reveal a cornerstone issue that is strongly linked to the formalism of calculus concepts and to the difficulties it generates in the learning and teaching process. As a complement to the main text, an extended bibliography with some of the most important references on this topic is included. Since the diversity of the research in the field makes it difficult to produce an exhaustive state-of-the-art summary, the authors discuss recent developments that go beyond this survey and put forward new research questions
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Reduced IFNL1 and/or IFNL2, but not IFNL3 is associated with worse outcome in patients with COVID-19.
The recent pandemic was caused by the emergence of a new human pathogen, SARS-CoV-2. While the rapid development of many vaccines provided an end to the immediate crisis, there remains an urgent need to understand more about this new virus and what constitutes a beneficial immune response in terms of successful resolution of infection. Indeed, this is key for development of vaccines that provide long lasting protective immunity. The interferon lambda (IFNL) family of cytokines are produced early in response to infection and are generally considered anti-viral and beneficial. However, data regarding production of IFNL cytokines in COVID-19 patients is highly variable, and generally from underpowered studies. In this study, we measured all three IFNL1, IFNL2 and IFNL3 cytokines in plasma from a well characterised, large COVID-19 cohort (n=399) that included good representation from patients with a more indolent disease progression, and hence a beneficial immune response. While all three cytokines were produced, they differed in both the frequency of expression in patients, and the levels produced. IFNL3 was produced in almost all patients but neither protein level nor IFNL3/IFNL4 SNPs were associated with clinical outcome. In contrast, both IFNL1 and IFNL2 levels were significantly lower, or absent, in plasma of patients that had a more severe disease outcome. These data are consistent with the concept that early IFNL1 and IFNL2 cytokine production is protective against SARS-CoV-2 infection
Competences of Mathematics Teachers in Diagnosing Teaching Situations and Offering Feedback to Students:Specificity, Consistency and Reification of Pedagogical and Mathematical Discourses
In the study we report in this chapter, we investigate the competences of mathematics pre- and in-service teachers in diagnosing situations pertaining to mathematics teaching and in offering feedback to the students at the heart of said situations. To this aim we deploy a research design that involves engaging teachers with situation-specific tasks in which we invite participants to: solve a mathematical problem; examine a (fictional yet research-informed) solution proposed by a student in class and a (fictional yet research-informed) teacher response to the student; and, describe the approach they themselves would adopt in this classroom situation. Participants were 23 mathematics graduates enrolled in a post-graduate mathematics education programme, many already in-service teachers. They responded to a task that involved debating the identification of a tangent line at an inflection point of a cubic function through resorting to the formal definition of tangency or the function graph. Analysis of their written responses to the task revealed a great variation in the participants’ diagnosing and addressing of teaching issues – in this case involving the role of visualisation in mathematical reasoning. We describe this variation in terms of a typology of four interrelated characteristics that emerged from the data analysis: consistency between stated beliefs/knowledge and intended practice, specificity of the response to the given classroom situation, reification of pedagogical discourses, and reification of mathematical discourses. We propose that deploying the theoretical construct of these characteristics in tandem with our situation-specific task design can contribute towards the identification – as well as reflection upon and development – of mathematics teachers’ diagnostic competences in teacher education and professional development programmes
The tasks and place of controlling department in the company
W artykule zaprezentowane zostały zadania i miejsce komórki controllingu
w strukturze organizacyjnej przedsiębiorstwa. Na jej czele stoi controller, który
pełni funkcję doradcy ekonomicznego zarządu. Jej głównym zadaniem jest
opracowywanie planów operacyjnych i strategicznych, budżetowanie kosztów,
przychodów i wyników w krótkich okresach czasu, monitorowanie odchyleń od budżetów i planów oraz wyjaśnianie przyczyn tych odchyleń. Rozwiązania
dotyczące roli i miejsca komórki controllingu w strukturze organizacyjnej
przedsiębiorstw są zindywidualizowane i elastycznie dostosowywane do potrzeb
zarządu. Potwierdzają to zaprezentowane w artykule przykłady empiryczne.
W pierwszym okresie wdrażania controllingu komórka controllingu jest podporządkowana
prezesowi zarządu. Po utrwaleniu jej pozycji w przedsiębiorstwie
komórka ta podlega viceprezesowi do spraw finansowych. W krajowych grupach
kapitałowych oprócz komórki controllingu operacyjnego wydzielane są
działy controllingu finansowego lub działy nadzoru kapitałowego nad spółkami
zależnymi. W korporacjach międzynarodowych komórki controllingu występują
na kilku szczeblach struktury organizacyjnej i podporządkowane są controllerowi
centralnemu.The paper presents the tasks and place of controlling department in the company.
The controller, who is at its forefront, plays the role of economic advisor for the
management board. The main tasks of the department are to prepare operational
as well as strategic plans, budgeting of costs, revenues and results within short
period of time, monitoring the deviations from the budgets and plans and investigating
the source of these deviations. The solutions regarding to the role and the
place of controlling department in organizational structure are very individual
and flexibly adopted to the management board needs. This is proven by the empirical
examples given in this paper. In the first stage of controlling introduction
process, controlling department is subordinated to CEO. Later, when the position
of the department is settled in the company, the CFO takes the control over it. In
domestic capital groups financial controlling departments or capital supervision
departments over subsidiary companies are additionally formed. In international
corporations there are controlling departments on several levels of organizational
structure, subordinated to the central controller
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