A three thousand year succession of plant communities on a valley bottom in the Vosges Mountains, NE France, reconstructed from fossil pollen, plant macrofossils, and modern phytosociological communities

Pollen and macrofossils were studied in a core from a fen at the foot of a slope in the Vosges Mountains, NE France. The present-day vegetation of little disturbed Abies, Fagus, and Picea forest and wetlands has been described in detail in terms of phytosociological communities using the Braun-Blanquet approach. Past ecological conditions are reconstructed in five steps: (1) The modern vegetation types are described as combinations of phytosociological species groups. (2) Micro- and macrofossils are assigned to these groups. (3) These in combination determine the past vegetation types at the site; there were simultaneously several such types in some biozones. (4) The sequence of past vegetation types is interpreted as successional pathways. (5) Past ecological conditions are inferred from these pathways. Results are: (1) The types of local forest and fen were the same around 1000 b.c. as today. (2) Rising groundwater around 650 b.c. caused a natural wet meadow to develop at the site. (3) Trees were felled near the site in the first century b.c. (Late Iron Age), facilitating the immigration of Picea. (4) Groundwater level rose during early Medieval times because of a wetter climate and alder carr replaced the dry-soil forest close to the site. (5) During High Medieval Times (10th-13th century) the nearby raised bog expanded over the site. (6) Forestry starting around a.d. 1750 caused nutrient-rich water to reach the site, resulting in abrupt vegetation change. (7) The creation of a forest road around a.d. 1855 (historical information) caused further nutrient enrichment of the site. The validity of the method used depends on the assumption that past and present vegetation types are virtually identical, which is true in our study area and study period, according to all the indications that we hav

Experimental and Computational Study of BODIPY Dye-Labeled Cavitand Dynamics

Understanding the distance distribution and dynamics between moieties attached to the walls of a resorcin[4]arene cavitand, which is switchable between an expanded kite and a contracted vase form, might enable the use of this molecular system for the study of fundamental distance-dependent interactions. Toward this goal, a combined experimental and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study on donor/acceptor borondipyrromethene (BODIPY) dye-labeled cavitands present in the vase and kite forms was performed. Direct comparison between anisotropy decays calculated from MD simulations with experimental fluorescence anisotropy data showed excellent agreement, indicating that the simulations provide an accurate representation of the dynamics of the system. Distance distributions between the BODIPY dyes were established by comparing time-resolved Förster resonance energy transfer experiments and MD simulations. Fluorescence intensity decay curves emulated on the basis of the MD trajectories showed good agreement with the experimental data, suggesting that the simulations present an accurate picture of the distance distributions and dynamics in this molecular system and provide an important tool for understanding the behavior of extended molecular systems and designing future applications

Crossed beaks in a local Swiss chicken breed.

BACKGROUND Crossed beaks have been reported to occur in Appenzeller Barthuhn, a local Swiss chicken breed. The assumed causes for this beak deformity which are also seen in other bird species including domestic chickens, range from environmental influences to genetic factors. The aim of this project was to characterize the prevalence, the phenotype, and the underlying genetics of crossed beaks in Appenzeller Barthuhn chickens. RESULTS The estimated prevalence of 7% crossed beaks in Appenzeller Barthuhn was significantly higher compared to two other local Swiss chicken breeds. A breeding trial showed significantly higher prevalence of offspring with deformed beaks from mating of affected parents compared to mating of non-affected parents. Examination of 77 Appenzeller Barthuhn chickens with crossed beaks showed a variable phenotype presentation. The deviation of the beak from the median plane through the head ranged from 1° to 61°. In more than 60% of the cases, the upper and lower beak were bent in the same direction, whereas the remaining cases showed different forms of crossed beaks. Computed tomographic scans and bone maceration of the head of two chickens with crossed beaks revealed that the maxilla and the mandibula were affected, while other parts of the skull appeared to be normal. The gene LOC426217, a member of the keratin family, was postulated as a candidate gene for beak deformity in domestic chickens. Sequencing of the coding region revealed two significantly associated synonymous variants for crossed beaks in Appenzeller Barthuhn chickens. A genome-wide association study and a comparative analysis of runs of homozygosity based on high-density SNP array genotyping data of 53 cases and 102 controls showed no evidence of association. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest a hereditary cause of crossed beaks in Appenzeller Barthuhn chickens. However, the observed variation in the phenotype, together with the inconclusive molecular genetic results indicates the need for additional research to unravel the genetic architecture of this beak deformity

DNA methylation-based classification of central nervous system tumours.

Accurate pathological diagnosis is crucial for optimal management of patients with cancer. For the approximately 100 known tumour types of the central nervous system, standardization of the diagnostic process has been shown to be particularly challenging-with substantial inter-observer variability in the histopathological diagnosis of many tumour types. Here we present a comprehensive approach for the DNA methylation-based classification of central nervous system tumours across all entities and age groups, and demonstrate its application in a routine diagnostic setting. We show that the availability of this method may have a substantial impact on diagnostic precision compared to standard methods, resulting in a change of diagnosis in up to 12% of prospective cases. For broader accessibility, we have designed a free online classifier tool, the use of which does not require any additional onsite data processing. Our results provide a blueprint for the generation of machine-learning-based tumour classifiers across other cancer entities, with the potential to fundamentally transform tumour pathology

Intramanual and intermanual transfer of the curvature aftereffect

The existence and transfer of a haptic curvature aftereffect was investigated to obtain a greater insight into neural representation of shape. The haptic curvature aftereffect is the phenomenon whereby a flat surface is judged concave if the preceding touched stimulus was convex and vice versa. Single fingers were used to touch the subsequently presented stimuli. A substantial aftereffect was found when the adaptation surface and the test surface were touched by the same finger. Furthermore, a partial, but significant transfer of the aftereffect was demonstrated between fingers of the same hand and between fingers of both the hands. These results provide evidence that curvature information is not only represented at a level that is directly connected to the mechanoreceptors of individual fingers but is also represented at a stage in the somatosensory cortex shared by the fingers of both the hands

NFATc1 affects mouse splenic B cell function by controlling the calcineurin–NFAT signaling network

Mouse B cells lacking NFATc1 exhibit defective proliferation, survival, isotype class switching, cytokine production, and T cell help

Modelling Jets, Tori and Flares in Pulsar Wind Nebulae

In this contribution we review the recent progress in the modelling of Pulsar Wind Nebulae (PWN). We start with a brief overview of the relevant physical processes in the magnetosphere, the wind-zone and the inflated nebula bubble. Radiative signatures and particle transport processes obtained from 3D simulations of PWN are discussed in the context of optical and X-ray observations. We then proceed to consider particle acceleration in PWN and elaborate on what can be learned about the particle acceleration from the dynamical structures called GwispsG observed in the Crab nebula. We also discuss recent observational and theoretical results of gamma-ray flares and the inner knot of the Crab nebula, which had been proposed as the emission site of the flares. We extend the discussion to GeV flares from binary systems in which the pulsar wind interacts with the stellar wind from a companion star. The chapter concludes with a discussion of solved and unsolved problems posed by PWN

Ein pleniweichselzeitliches Pollenprofil von der spanischen Nordmeseta bei Miño de Medinaceli (Provinz Soria)

Palynologische Untersuchungen auf der spanischen Nordmeseta gaben Einblicke in die Vegetationsgeschichte des Pleniglazials. Es zeigte sich, dass das Klima auf dieser zentralen Hochfläche offenbar nicht zu Temperaturextremen neigte, die Feuchtigkeitsverhältnisse dagegen sehr sensibel auf großräumige klimatische Veränderungen reagierten. Weiterhin zeigte sich, dass diese Region während des gesamten untersuchten Zeitraums bewaldet gewesen sein muss.Palynological investigations on the Meseta in central Spain provide information on the vegetation history during the Pleni-Weichsel. The study shows that the climate of this region was not inclined to temperature extremes, whereas the moisture conditions reacted very sensitive towards regional and larger scale climatic changes. The investigation also shows that this region must have been forested during the time period under investigation.Los estudios palinológicos proporcionaron una visión de la vegetación durante el Pleniglaciar de la Meseta Norte. Se pudo constatar que el clima en la Meseta central no tendía a alcanzar temperaturas extremas, por el contrario las condiciones de humedad reaccionaban muy sensiblemente a los cambios climáticos a gran escala. Además también se pudocomprobar que esta región durante todo el periodo investigado tuvo que estar forestada

Einblicke in die mittel- bis spätholozäne Vegetationsgeschichte auf der Nordmeseta Spaniens bei Miño de Medinaceli (Provinz Soria). Ergebnisse einer archäopalynologischen Prospektion

Palynologische Prospektionsanalysen auf der spanischen Nordmeseta ergaben Einblicke in die Vegetationsgeschichte des Spätholozäns. Es zeigte sich, dass Kiefern im Untersuchungszeitraum die Vegetation im Arbeitsgebiet deutlich dominierten. Außerdem konnte festgestellt werden, dass trotz der negativen klimatischen Wasserbilanz dieserRegion das Potential für weiterführende umweltanalytische Untersuchungen vorhanden ist.Palynological investigations on the Meseta in central Spain provide information on the vegetation history of the Mid- and Late Holocene. They show that during the time span under investigation, forests were dominated by pine. The survey also revealed that, despite the negative climatic water balance of this region, the sediments show potential for further environmental studies.Los análisis realizados a partir de las prospecciones palinológicas llevadas a cabo en la Meseta Norte de España proporcionaron ciertos conocimientos sobre la historia de la vegetación del Holoceno tardío. Cabe destacar que en la vegetación de la zonainvestigada predominaban claramente los pinos durante este periodo. Además pudimos comprobar que, a pesar de que las condiciones climáticas de esta región poco húmeda no son las más idóneas, existe un potencial que permitirá realizar futuros análisis medioambientales