Impact of Laptev Sea flaw polynyas on the atmospheric boundary layer and sea ice formation

Radical environmental changes are forecasted to occur in the Shelf areas of the Siberian Arctic during this century. The Laptev polynyas play a key role due to their impact on ice production and related feedback processes in the ocean and atmosphere. Observations and model studies have been performed within the BMBF founded project "Polynya systems face changes" (2007-2010) which is embedded in the IPY-project "Complex Investigations of Seasonal Cycle in the Arctic Seas". Four automatic weather stations which were installed along the fast ice edge in April 2008 reveal that the GME analyses (Global Model of Deutscher Wetterdienst) describe the synoptic conditions accurately (e.g. absolute error of wind speed between 0.2 and 0.5 ms-1 and correlation coefficients between 0.8 and 0.9). Thus, these analyses are an excellent data set for nesting meso-scale atmosphere models and forcing ocean models. Realistic and artificial case studies are presented with the non-hydrostatic atmospheric model COSMO (Consortium for Small-scale Modeling, Deutscher Wetterdienst) and the Finite Element Sea Ice Ocean Model (FESOM, Alfred Wegener Institute) on a grid with a horizontal resolution of 5km. These simulations show that the polynyas modify the atmosphere till a height of several kilometers. Furthermore, an accurate simulation of ice surface temperature is essential to quantify ice production realistically. The highest ice production rate was simulated for a cyclone case at the end of December 2007, whereas ice production is marginal for the April 2008 polynya cases

Histopathology of synovial cysts of the spine

Cystic lesions derived from the synovial and ligamentous structures of the spine have varied histological appearances. Not uncommonly, there is discrepancy between the clinicoradiological diagnosis and histology. Therefore, we sought to characterise the histological features of tissue submitted as 'synovial cysts' of the spine. Resected specimens of the spine labelled 'synovial cysts' and 'lumbar cysts' were histologically evaluated and classified on the basis of histopathological features. Seventy-five histological samples of spinal cysts were identified. Thirty-one were classified as synovial cysts (definite synovial lining), 28 showed pseudocystic degeneration of the ligamentum flavum, seven showed pseudocyst formation without evidence of a synovial lining or degeneration of the ligamentum flavum, and eight showed cyst contents only or no histological evidence of cyst wall for evaluation. Twenty-five cases (33%), especially those showing pseudocystic degeneration of the ligamentum flavum, were associated with very characteristic tumour calcinosis-like calcium deposition with a surrounding foreign-body giant-cell reaction. Histology of 'synovial cysts' of the spine shows varied types of cyst; a large proportion are not synovial-lined cysts, but rather show pseudocystic degenerative changes of the ligamentum flavum, often associated with very characteristic finely granular calcifications and a foreign-body giant-cell reaction. This may have implications not only for understanding the pathogenesis of these lesions, but also for their varied responses to non-surgical interventions