Characterization and Toxicity of Bacillus Thuringiensis Strain Kfr-24, And Commercial Formulations against Spodoptera Littolaris

Under these studies Bacillus thuringiensis wettable powder comparable to standard strain, there are only one isolate which confirmed by molecular characterization. Scanning electron microscopy observed that the presence of cuboidal crystals in Bacillus thuringiensis Alex-13 and observed bipyramidal crystals in case of Bacillus thuringiensis HD-1, as standard strain. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) revealed the presence of Cry1-like sequences in addition to standard strain, which confirmed by gel electrophoresis. Also, during these studies. Bioassay recorded that the highest mortality rate by determination of LC50 for 5 days against Spodoptera littolaris third instars larvae were 69, 86, and 100(%) in case of Bt Alex-13, Bt-HD-1 standard strain and Bt commercial wettable powder, respectively

Oral thearubigins do not protect against acetaminopheninduced hepatotoxicity in mice

Purpose: To investigate the potential protective effect of oral repeated doses of thearubigins against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.Methods: Mice were randomly divided into six groups (n=8) and administered the following: Control group (saline), acetaminophen group (saline), N-acetylcysteine group (500 mg/kg/day), and thearubigins groups (60, 70, 100 mg/kg/day). The drugs were given orally by gavage for seven days. On day 7, 1 h after the last dose of treatment, the mice (except control group) were given a single dose of acetaminophen (n-acetyl-p-aminophenol, APAP) orally by gavage (350 mg/kg) and then sacrificed 4 h post-APAP intake. Blood was collected for biochemical measurements and their liver were subjected to biochemical and histopathological assessment.Results: The acetaminophen group showed significant increases (p < 0.001) in serum alanine aminotransferase level, hepatic cytochrome P2E1 level, and serum and hepatic malondialdehyde levels. Moreover it showed significant decrease (p < 0.001) in serum and hepatic glutathione levels. Morphologically, the liver sections showed cellular necrosis, vacuolization, and degeneration around the centrilobular veins. Pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine reversed all acetaminophen-induced changes (p < 0.001 for all biomarkers except for hepatic MDA (p = 0.014) while pretreatment with thearubigins failed to reverse any of them.Conclusion: Oral repeated doses of thearubigins failed to protect against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice and didn't affect hepatic cytochrome P2E1 level.Keywords: Acetaminophen, Hepatotoxicity, Thearubigins, N-acetylcysteine, Cellular necrosis, Vacuolization, Hepatic cytochrome P2E

Isolation and Molecular Identification of Insecticidal Activity Bacillus Thuringiensis Strain Alex-13 Isolated from Different Ecosystems in Egypt against Spodoptera Littolaris

The entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is the most widely used biopesticide. The specific toxic activity to insects and other organisms is related to the presence of crystals that have different morphologies, sizes, numbers and compositions according to the Bt strain. The crystals contain different proteins, which are encoded by distinct Cry (crystal) genes. In this work we isolated 334 colonies from 59 soil samples in 13 local area in Egypt, colonies examination has carried out under microscope for toxin production, during screening of these isolates we found 16 bacterial strains has been identified by using biochemical reactions and insecticidal activity against Spodoptera littolaris in addition to Bacillus thuringiensis wettable powder comparable to standard strain, only one isolate which are considered most potent strain were confirmed by molecular characterization. Scanning electron microscopy observed that the presence of cuboidal crystals in Bacillus thuringiensis Alex-13 and observed bipyramidal crystals in case of Bacillus thuringiensis HD-1, as standard strain. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) revealed the presence of Cry1-like sequences in addition to standard strain, which confirmed by gel electrophoresis. Also, during the studying environmental and nutritional conditions requirements (data not show). Bioassay recorded that the highest mortality rate by determination of LC50 for 5 days against Spodoptera littolaris third instars larvae were 69, 86, and 100(%) in case of Bt Alex-13, Bt-HD-1 standard strain and Bt commercial wettable powder, respectively

Characterization and Toxicity of Bacillus Thuringiensis Strain Kfr-24, And Commercial Formulations against Spodoptera Littolaris

Under these studies Bacillus thuringiensis wettable powder comparable to standard strain, there are only one isolate which confirmed by molecular characterization. Scanning electron microscopy observed that the presence of cuboidal crystals in Bacillus thuringiensis Alex-13, and observed bipyramidal crystals in case of Bacillus thuringiensis HD-1, as standard strain. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) revealed the presence of Cry1-like sequences in addition to standard strain, which confirmed by gel electrophoresis. Also, during these studies.Bioassay recorded that the highest mortality rate by determination of LC50 for 5 days against Spodoptera littolaris third instars larvae were 69, 86, and 100(%) in case of Bt Alex-13, Bt-HD-1 standard strain and Bt commercial wettable powder, respectively

Cancer Risk Assessment and Geochemical Features of Granitoids at Nikeiba, Southeastern Desert, Egypt

Different rock types (syenogranite, alkali feldspar granite and quartz syenite intruded by microgranite dikes and quartz veins) were investigated in the Nikeiba region in Egypt. The main components of the studied intrusive rocks, comprised of granites and quartz syenite, are plagioclase, amphibole, biotite, quartz and K-feldspar in different proportions. Ground gamma ray measurements show that syenogranite, quartz syenite and microgranite dikes have the highest radioactivity (K, eU, eTh and their ratios) in comparison with alkali feldspar granite. Geochemically, syenogranite, alkali feldspar granite and quartz syenite are enriched with large-ion lithophile elements (LILE; Ba, Rb, Sr) and high field-strength elements (HFSE; Y, Zr and Nb), but have decreased Ce, reflecting their alkaline affinity. These rocks reveal calc–alkaline affinity, metaluminous characteristics, A-type granites and post-collision geochemical signatures, which indicates emplacement in within-plate environments under an extensional regime. U and Th are increased in syenogranite and quartz syenite, whereas alkali feldspar granite shows a marked decrease in U and Th. The highest average values of AU (131 ± 49 Bq·kg−1), ATh (164 ± 35) and AK (1402 ± 239) in the syenogranite samples are higher than the recommended worldwide average. The radioactivity levels found in the samples are the result of the alteration of radioactive carrying minerals found inside granite faults. The public’s radioactive risk from the radionuclides found in the investigated granitoid samples is estimated by calculating radiological risks. The excess lifetime cancer (ELCR) values exceed the permissible limit. Therefore, the granitoids are unsuitable for use as infrastructure materials. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

A cost effectiveness analysis of salt reduction policies to reduce coronary heart disease in four Eastern Mediterranean countries.

BACKGROUND: Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is rising in middle income countries. Population based strategies to reduce specific CHD risk factors have an important role to play in reducing overall CHD mortality. Reducing dietary salt consumption is a potentially cost-effective way to reduce CHD events. This paper presents an economic evaluation of population based salt reduction policies in Tunisia, Syria, Palestine and Turkey. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Three policies to reduce dietary salt intake were evaluated: a health promotion campaign, labelling of food packaging and mandatory reformulation of salt content in processed food. These were evaluated separately and in combination. Estimates of the effectiveness of salt reduction on blood pressure were based on a literature review. The reduction in mortality was estimated using the IMPACT CHD model specific to that country. Cumulative population health effects were quantified as life years gained (LYG) over a 10 year time frame. The costs of each policy were estimated using evidence from comparable policies and expert opinion including public sector costs and costs to the food industry. Health care costs associated with CHDs were estimated using standardized unit costs. The total cost of implementing each policy was compared against the current baseline (no policy). All costs were calculated using 2010 PPP exchange rates. In all four countries most policies were cost saving compared with the baseline. The combination of all three policies (reducing salt consumption by 30%) resulted in estimated cost savings of $235,000,000 and 6455 LYG in Tunisia;$39,000,000 and 31674 LYG in Syria; $6,000,000 and 2682 LYG in Palestine and$1,3000,000,000 and 378439 LYG in Turkey. CONCLUSION: Decreasing dietary salt intake will reduce coronary heart disease deaths in the four countries. A comprehensive strategy of health education and food industry actions to label and reduce salt content would save both money and lives