Evaluating the more suitable ISM frequency band for iot-based smart grids: a quantitative study of 915 MHz vs. 2400 MHz

IoT has begun to be employed pervasively in industrial environments and critical infrastructures thanks to its positive impact on performance and efficiency. Among these environments, the Smart Grid (SG) excels as the perfect host for this technology, mainly due to its potential to become the motor of the rest of electrically-dependent infrastructures. To make this SG-oriented IoT cost-effective, most deployments employ unlicensed ISM bands, specifically the 2400 MHz one, due to its extended communication bandwidth in comparison with lower bands. This band has been extensively used for years by Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET), from which the IoT technologically inherits. However, this work questions and evaluates the suitability of such a "default" communication band in SG environments, compared with the 915 MHz ISM band. A comprehensive quantitative comparison of these bands has been accomplished in terms of: power consumption, average network delay, and packet reception rate. To allow such a study, a dual-band propagation model specifically designed for the SG has been derived, tested, and incorporated into the well-known TOSSIM simulator. Simulation results reveal that only in the absence of other 2400 MHz interfering devices (such as WiFi or Bluetooth) or in small networks, is the 2400 MHz band the best option. In any other case, SG-oriented IoT quantitatively perform better if operating in the 915 MHz band.This research was supported by the MINECO/FEDER project grants TEC2013-47016-C2-2-R (COINS) and TEC2016-76465-C2-1-R (AIM). The authors would like to thank Juan Salvador Perez Madrid nd Domingo Meca (part of the Iberdrola staff) for the support provided during the realization of this work. Ruben M. Sandoval also thanks the Spanish MICINN for an FPU (REF FPU14/03424) pre-doctoral fellowship

La segunda batalla de Bedríaco: un impresivo y casi desconocido relato de Tácito (hist. 3.15-25)

Trabajo de fin de Grado. Grado en Filología Clásica. Curso académico 2017-2018[ES]Este Trabajo de Fin de Grado consiste en un comentario del texto de la segunda batalla de Bedríaco en las Historias de Tácito (3.15-25). Mediante las propuestas de análisis de la teoría moderna de la narrativa, sin olvidar la retórica tradicional, se pretende revelar los procedimientos estructurales con los que Tácito configura la narración. El historiador se sirve de escenas típicas de la épica y la historiografía invirtiéndolas mediante elementos de la tragedia para dotar al relato de dramatismo e impresividad con el fin de generar impacto en el lector. [EN]This Final Degree Project consists of a commentary on Second Battle of Bedriacum’s narrative by Tacitus (Histories 3.15-25). The analysis through the method developed by modern narratology, without forgetting traditional rhetoric theory, is intended to reveal the structural procedures which Tacitus uses to shape the narrative. The historian takes and reverses typical scenes from the epic and historiographical tradition by adding elements from tragedy in order to provide the story with emotivity and dramatism and make impact on readers

S.P.Q.R. Didáctica del poder en Roma

Trabajo de Fin de Máster del Máster en Profesor de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria y Bachillerato, Formación Profesional y Enseñanza de Idiomas, curso 2018/2019[ES]Este trabajo explora las posibilidades didácticas del cine de romanos como recurso para la enseñanza en la ESO y el Bachillerato del tema del poder de Roma en sus vertientes civil y militar: cómo aparece representado el poder (pueblo, magistrados, senado; organización y estrategia de la legión, etc.) y cómo se puede aplicar este recurso en los centros de educación. El material cinematográfico se complementa con una selección de textos clásicos y con una serie de actividades de enseñanza-aprendizaje.[EN]This essay explores the didactic possibilities of Ancient Rome films as a teaching resource at secondary education towards the topic of Roman power in its civil and military aspects: how it is shown (people, magistrates, Senate; organization and strategy of the legion) and how this resource can be used in education centers. These cinematographic materials are also complemented by a selection of classical texts and a set of teaching-learning activities

Fluvial base level control on the differential rejuvenation of the Olvera- Zaframagón gypsum karst system (NE Cádiz province)

El presente trabajo analiza la evolución del relieve en un sector localizado entre la depresión del Guadalquivir y la cuenca de Ronda, en la Cordillera Bética noroccidental, representado por extensos afloramientos de arcillas y yesos triásicos, sobre los que destacan relieves rocosos aislados formados por bloques de calizas jurásicas, como el peñón de Zaframagón, al oeste del municipio de Olvera. Estos bloques dibujan una antigua superficie de erosión con pendiente hacia el NO, muy probablemente asociada a la progresiva continentalización de la cuenca del Guadalquivir durante el Plioceno. Los afloramientos triásicos están afectados por una intensa karstificación en forma de dolinas y simas y otras depresiones de fondo plano, de tipo polje, en las zonas interfluviales. La incisión diferencial de los ríos Guadamanil y Guadalporcún, en la parte alta de la cuenca del río Guadalete, parece haber condicionado el desarrollo vertical de las formas kársticas. El río Guadalporcún corta transversalmente al peñón de Zaframagón a través de un corto pero profundo cañón, que ha actuado como obstáculo a la incisión del río, lo que ha provocado una menor tasa de encajamiento con respecto al río Guadamanil. Este encajamiento diferencial ha afectado al desarrollo de las formas kársticas de absorción que drenan a uno y otro río, generando simas más profundas en la vertiente que drena al Guadamanil. Por otro lado, en las laderas del valle de este río se ha reconocido una secuencia de surgencias escalonadas, cuyas alturas con respecto al cauce coinciden con las alturas generales asignadas a los niveles de terrazas cuaternarias definidos para la cuenca fluvial del Guadalete. Todos estos aspectos apuntan a que el desarrollo vertical del karst de Olvera-Zaframagón durante el Pleistoceno ha estado muy condicionado por el comportamiento del nivel de base, tanto a escala regional como local.The present work deals with the relief evolution in an area of the northwestern sector of the Betic Ranges. It is characterized by extensive outcrops of Triassic clays and gypsums over which several isolated reliefs of Jurassic carbonate rocks stand out, like the Zaframagón Rock, West of Olvera village. The flattened summits of all these carbonate blocks delimit an old erosion surface sloping NW, very probably related to the progressive continentalization of the nearby, formerly marine, Guadalquivir Tertiary Depression during the Pliocene. The Triassic gypsums are presently affected by intense karstification in form of dolines and shafts, as well as other flat-bottomed depressions similar to poljes in the interfluve areas. Differential incision in the Guadamanil and Guadalporcún Rivers, located in the head of the Guadalete fluvial basin, seems to have conditioned the vertical development of karst forms in the region. The Guadalporcún River crosses the Zaframagón Rock through a short but deep gorge. The Rock has acted as an obstacle to the river incision and this has hampered its vertical erosion if compared to the one of the Guadamanil River. This differential incision has affected the development of absortion karst forms which drain to both rivers: dolines and shafts are deeper when draining to the Guadamanil River valley. The slopes of the valley are plenty of active and inactive springs, drawing a sequence of stepped outflow points, whose relative heights coincide with the general heights assigned to the Quaternary fluvial terrace levels regionally defined for the Guadalete River basin. All these aspects suggest a strong relationship between the Pleistocene vertical development of the Olvera-Zaframagón karst system and the behavior of the base level, both at regional and local levels

Organ-Dedicated Molecular Imaging Systems

[EN] In this review, we will cover both clinical and technical aspects of the advantages and disadvantages of organ specific (dedicated) molecular imaging (MI) systems, namely positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography, including gamma cameras. This review will start with the introduction to the organ-dedicated MI systems. Thereafter, we will describe the differences and their advantages/disadvantages when compared with the standard large size scanners. We will review time evolution of dedicated systems, from first attempts to current scanners, and the ones that ended in clinical use. We will review later the state of the art of these systems for different organs, namely: breast, brain, heart, and prostate. We will also present the advantages offered by these systems as a function of the special application or field, such as in surgery, therapy assistance and assessment, etc. Their technological evolution will be introduced for each organ-based imager. Some of the advantages of dedicated devices are: higher sensitivity by placing the detectors closer to the organ, improved spatial resolution, better image contrast recovery (by reducing the noise from other organs), and also lower cost. Designing a complete ring-shaped dedicated PET scanner is sometimes difficult and limited angle tomography systems are preferable as they have more flexibility in placing the detectors around the body/organ. Examples of these geometries will be presented for breast, prostate and heart imaging. Recently achievable excellent time of flight capabilities below 300-ps full width at half of the maximum reduce significantly the impact of missing angles on the reconstructed images.This work was supported in part by the European Research Council through the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under Grant 695536, in part by the EU through the FP7 Program under Grant 603002, and in part by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad through PROSPET (DTS15/00152) funded by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad under Grant TEC2016-79884-C2-1-R.González Martínez, AJ.; Sánchez, F.; Benlloch Baviera, JM. (2018). Organ-Dedicated Molecular Imaging Systems. IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences. 2(5):388-403. https://doi.org/10.1109/TRPMS.2018.2846745S3884032

In-depth evaluation of TOF-PET detectors based on crystal arrays and the TOFPET2 ASIC

[EN] In recent years high efforts have been devoted to enhance spatial and temporal resolutions of PET detectors. However, accurately combining these two main features is, in most of the cases, challenging. Typically, a compromise has to be made between the number of readout channels, scintillator type and size, and photosensors arrangement if aiming for a good system performance, while keeping a moderate cost. In this work, we have studied several detector configurations for PET based on a set of 8x8 Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPMs) of 3x3 mm(2) active area, and LYSO crystal arrays with different pixel sizes. An exhaustive evaluation in terms of spatial, energy and timing resolution was made for all detector configurations. In some cases, when using pixel sizes different than SiPM active area, a significant amount of scintillation light may spread among several SiPMs. Therefore, we made use of a calibration method considering the different SiPM timing contributions. Best Detector Time Resolution (DTR) of 156 ps FWHM was measured when using 3x3 mm(2) crystal pixels directly coupled to the 3x3 mm(2) SiPMs. However, when using 1.5 mm crystal pixels with the same photosensor array, although we could clearly resolve all crystal pixels, an average DTR of 250 ps FWHM was achieved. We also shed light in this work on the timing dependency of the crystal pixel and photosensor alignment.This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 695536) and by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad under Grant TEC2016-79884-C2-1-R. The first author has also been supported by Generalitat Valenciana, Spain under grant agreement GRISOLIAP-2018-026.Lamprou, E.; Sánchez Martínez, F.; Benlloch Baviera, JM.; González Martínez, AJ. (2020). In-depth evaluation of TOF-PET detectors based on crystal arrays and the TOFPET2 ASIC. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment. 977:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.164295S18977Jones, T., & Townsend, D. (2017). History and future technical innovation in positron emission tomography. Journal of Medical Imaging, 4(1), 011013. doi:10.1117/1.jmi.4.1.011013Surti, S. (2014). Update on Time-of-Flight PET Imaging. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 56(1), 98-105. doi:10.2967/jnumed.114.145029Lecoq, P. (2017). Pushing the Limits in Time-of-Flight PET Imaging. IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences, 1(6), 473-485. doi:10.1109/trpms.2017.2756674Surti, S., & Karp, J. S. (2016). Advances in time-of-flight PET. Physica Medica, 32(1), 12-22. doi:10.1016/j.ejmp.2015.12.007Gundacker, S., Auffray, E., Pauwels, K., & Lecoq, P. (2016). Measurement of intrinsic rise times for various L(Y)SO and LuAG scintillators with a general study of prompt photons to achieve 10 ps in TOF-PET. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 61(7), 2802-2837. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/61/7/2802González-Montoro, A., Sánchez, F., Bruyndonckx, P., Cañizares, G., Benlloch, J. M., & González, A. J. (2019). Novel method to measure the intrinsic spatial resolution in PET detectors based on monolithic crystals. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 920, 58-67. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2018.12.056Moses, W. W. (2011). Fundamental limits of spatial resolution in PET. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 648, S236-S240. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2010.11.092Lamprou, E., Gonzalez, A. J., Sanchez, F., & Benlloch, J. M. (2020). Exploring TOF capabilities of PET detector blocks based on large monolithic crystals and analog SiPMs. Physica Medica, 70, 10-18. doi:10.1016/j.ejmp.2019.12.004Lamprou, E., Aguilar, A., González-Montoro, A., Monzó, J. M., Cañizares, G., Iranzo, S., … Benlloch, J. M. (2018). PET detector block with accurate 4D capabilities. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 912, 132-136. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2017.11.002A. Di Francesco, R. Bugalho, L. Oliveira, L. Pacher, A. Rivetti, M. Rolo, et al. TOFPET2: A high-performance ASIC for time and amplitude measurements of SiPM signals in time-of-flight applications, J. Instrum. 11 (03) C03042.Van Dam, H. T., Borghi, G., Seifert, S., & Schaart, D. R. (2013). Sub-200 ps CRT in monolithic scintillator PET detectors using digital SiPM arrays and maximum likelihood interaction time estimation. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 58(10), 3243-3257. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/58/10/3243V. Nadig, D. Schug, B. Weissler, V. Schulz, Evaluation Of The PETsys TOFPET2 ASIC In Multi-Channel Coincidence Experiments, arXiv:1911.08156.Gundacker, S., Turtos, R. M., Auffray, E., Paganoni, M., & Lecoq, P. (2019). High-frequency SiPM readout advances measured coincidence time resolution limits in TOF-PET. Physics in Medicine & Biology, 64(5), 055012. doi:10.1088/1361-6560/aafd52Gundacker, S., Acerbi, F., Auffray, E., Ferri, A., Gola, A., Nemallapudi, M. V., … Lecoq, P. (2016). State of the art timing in TOF-PET detectors with LuAG, GAGG and L(Y)SO scintillators of various sizes coupled to FBK-SiPMs. Journal of Instrumentation, 11(08), P08008-P08008. doi:10.1088/1748-0221/11/08/p0800

Exploring TOF Capabilities of PET Detector Blocks Based on Large Monolithic Crystals and Analog SiPMs

[EN] Monolithic scintillators are more frequently used in PET instrumentation due to their advantages in terms of accurate position estimation of the impinging gamma rays both planar and depth of interaction, their increased efficiency, and expected timing capabilities. Such timing performance has been studied when those blocks are coupled to digital photosensors showing an excellent timing resolution. In this work we study the timing behaviour of detectors composed by monolithic crystals and analog SiPMs read out by an ASIC. The scintillation light spreads across the crystal towards the photosensors, resulting in a high number of SiPMs and ASIC channels fired. This has been studied in relation with the Coincidence Timing Resolution (CTR). We have used LYSO monolithic blocks with dimensions of 50 x 50 x 15 mm(3) coupled to SiPM arrays (8 x 8 elements with 6 x 6 mm(2) area) which compose detectors suitable for clinical applications. While a CTR as good as 186 ps FWHM was achieved for a pair of 3 x 3 x 5 mm(3) LYSO crystals, when using the monolithic block and the SiPM arrays, a raw CTR over 1 ns was observed. An optimal timestamp assignment was studied as well as compensation methods for the time-skew and time-walk errors. This work describes all steps followed to improve the CTR. Eventually, an average detector time resolution of 497 ps FWHM was measured for the whole thick monolithic block. This improves to 380 ps FWHM for a central volume of interest near the photosensors. The timing dependency with the photon depth of interaction and planar position are also included.This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No 695536). It has also been supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad under Grant TEC2016-79884-C2-1-R.Lamprou, E.; González Martínez, AJ.; Sánchez Martínez, F.; Benlloch Baviera, JM. (2020). Exploring TOF Capabilities of PET Detector Blocks Based on Large Monolithic Crystals and Analog SiPMs. Physica Medica. 70:10-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2019.12.004101870Surti, S. (2014). Update on Time-of-Flight PET Imaging. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 56(1), 98-105. doi:10.2967/jnumed.114.145029Spanoudaki, V. C., & Levin, C. S. (2010). Photo-Detectors for Time of Flight Positron Emission Tomography (ToF-PET). Sensors, 10(11), 10484-10505. doi:10.3390/s101110484Szczesniak, T., Moszynski, M., Swiderski, L., Nassalski, A., Lavoute, P., & Kapusta, M. (2009). Fast Photomultipliers for TOF PET. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 56(1), 173-181. doi:10.1109/tns.2008.2008992Renker, D. (2007). New trends on photodetectors. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 571(1-2), 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2006.10.016Kim, C. L., Wang, G.-C., & Dolinsky, S. (2009). Multi-Pixel Photon Counters for TOF PET Detector and Its Challenges. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 56(5), 2580-2585. doi:10.1109/tns.2009.2028075Moses, W. W. (2002). Current trends in scintillator detectors and materials. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 487(1-2), 123-128. doi:10.1016/s0168-9002(02)00955-5Gundacker, S., Auffray, E., Pauwels, K., & Lecoq, P. (2016). Measurement of intrinsic rise times for various L(Y)SO and LuAG scintillators with a general study of prompt photons to achieve 10 ps in TOF-PET. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 61(7), 2802-2837. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/61/7/2802Gundacker, S., Acerbi, F., Auffray, E., Ferri, A., Gola, A., Nemallapudi, M. V., … Lecoq, P. (2016). State of the art timing in TOF-PET detectors with LuAG, GAGG and L(Y)SO scintillators of various sizes coupled to FBK-SiPMs. Journal of Instrumentation, 11(08), P08008-P08008. doi:10.1088/1748-0221/11/08/p08008Surti, S., & Karp, J. S. (2016). Advances in time-of-flight PET. Physica Medica, 32(1), 12-22. doi:10.1016/j.ejmp.2015.12.007Gundacker, S., Knapitsch, A., Auffray, E., Jarron, P., Meyer, T., & Lecoq, P. (2014). Time resolution deterioration with increasing crystal length in a TOF-PET system. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 737, 92-100. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2013.11.025Marcinkowski, R., España, S., Van Holen, R., & Vandenberghe, S. (2014). Optimized light sharing for high-resolution TOF PET detector based on digital silicon photomultipliers. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 59(23), 7125-7139. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/59/23/7125González-Montoro, A., Sánchez, F., Martí, R., Hernández, L., Aguilar, A., Barberá, J., … González, A. J. (2018). Detector block performance based on a monolithic LYSO crystal using a novel signal multiplexing method. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 912, 372-377. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2017.10.098Xi, D., Xie, Q., Zhu, J., Lin, L., Niu, M., Xiao, P., … Kao, C.-M. (2012). Optimization of the SiPM Pixel Size for a Monolithic PET Detector. Physics Procedia, 37, 1497-1503. doi:10.1016/j.phpro.2012.04.101Gonzalez-Montoro A, Aguilar A, Canizares G, Conde P, Hernandez L, Vidal LF, et al. Performance Study of a Large Monolithic LYSO PET Detector With Accurate Photon DOI Using Retroreflector Layers. IEEE Trans Rad Plasma Med Sci. PP. 1-1. DOI: 10.1109/TRPMS.2017.2692819.Krishnamoorthy, S., Blankemeyer, E., Mollet, P., Surti, S., Van Holen, R., & Karp, J. S. (2018). Performance evaluation of the MOLECUBES β-CUBE—a high spatial resolution and high sensitivity small animal PET scanner utilizing monolithic LYSO scintillation detectors. Physics in Medicine & Biology, 63(15), 155013. doi:10.1088/1361-6560/aacec3González-Montoro, A., Sánchez, F., Bruyndonckx, P., Cañizares, G., Benlloch, J. M., & González, A. J. (2019). Novel method to measure the intrinsic spatial resolution in PET detectors based on monolithic crystals. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 920, 58-67. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2018.12.056Van Dam, H. T., Borghi, G., Seifert, S., & Schaart, D. R. (2013). Sub-200 ps CRT in monolithic scintillator PET detectors using digital SiPM arrays and maximum likelihood interaction time estimation. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 58(10), 3243-3257. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/58/10/3243Di Francesco A, Bugalho R, Oliveira L, Pacher L, Rivetti A, Rolo M, et al. TOFPET2: A high-performance ASIC for time and amplitude measurements of SiPM signals in time-of-flight applications. Journal of Instrumentation, vol. 11, no. 03, p. C03042.TOFPET2 ASIC Evaluation kit - Hardware User Guide (v1.2), v1.2, PETsys Electronics SA., 2018.Lamprou, E., Aguilar, A., González-Montoro, A., Monzó, J. M., Cañizares, G., Iranzo, S., … Benlloch, J. M. (2018). PET detector block with accurate 4D capabilities. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 912, 132-136. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2017.11.002Acerbi, F., & Gundacker, S. (2019). Understanding and simulating SiPMs. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 926, 16-35. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2018.11.118Schug D, Nadig V, Weissler B, Gebhardt P, Schulz V. Initial Measurements with the PETsys TOFPET2 ASIC Evaluation Kit and a Characterization of the ASIC TDC IEEE Trans Rad Plasma Med Sci. PP. 1-1. DOI: 10.1109/TRPMS.2018.2884564.Seifert, S., van Dam, H. T., Vinke, R., Dendooven, P., Lohner, H., Beekman, F. J., & Schaart, D. R. (2012). A Comprehensive Model to Predict the Timing Resolution of SiPM-Based Scintillation Detectors: Theory and Experimental Validation. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 59(1), 190-204. doi:10.1109/tns.2011.2179314Vinke R, Olcott PD, Cates JW, Levin CS. The lower timing resolution bound for scintillators with non-negligible optical photon transport time in time-of-flight PET. Phys. Med. Phys. Med. Biol. 59 6215. Phys Med Biol. 2014; 59(20): 6215–29.Gonzalez AJ, Sanchez F, Benlloch JM. 2018 Organ-Dedicated Molecular Imaging Systems. IEEE Trans Ratiat Plasma Med Sci. 2017; 2(5): 388–403

Influence of the structural components of artificial turf systems on impact attenuation in amateur football players

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the infuence of the structural components of diferent 3rd generation artifcial turf football feld systems on the biomechanical response of impact attenuation in amateur football players. A total of 12 amateur football players (24.3±3.7 years, 73.5±5.5kg, 178.3±4.1cm and 13.7±4.3 years of sport experience) were evaluated on three third generation artifcial turf systems (ATS) with diferent structural components. ATS were composed of asphalt subbase and 45mm of fbre height with (ATS1) and without (ATS2) elastic layer or compacted granular sub-base, 60mm of fbre height without elastic layer (ATS3). Two triaxial accelerometers were frmly taped to the forehead and the distal end of the right tibia of each individual. The results reveal a higher force reduction on ATS3 in comparison to ATS1 (+6.24%, CI95%: 1.67 to 10.92, ES: 1.07; p<0.05) and ATS2 (+21.08%, CI95%: 16.51 to 25.66, ES: 2.98; p<0.05) elastic layer. Tibia acceleration rate was lower on ATS3 than ATS1 (−0.32, CI95%: −0.60 to −0.03, ES: 4.23; p<0.05) and ATS2 (−0.35, CI95%: −0.64 to −0.06; ES: 4.69; p<0.05) at 3.3m/s. A very large correlation (r=0.7 to 0.9; p<0.05) was found between energy restitution and fbre height in both head and tibial peak acceleration and stride time. In conclusion, structural components (fbre height, infll, sub-base and elastic layer) determine the mechanical properties of artifcial turf felds. A higher force reduction and lower energy restitution diminished the impact received by the player which could protect against injuries associated with impacts compared to harder artifcial turf surfaces

Rehabilitación de edificios: revisión de modelos y la evaluación del impacto ambiental a través del análisis de ciclo de vida

Nowadays, renovation of buildings is a general recommendation in order to reduce the operational energy consumption and their emissions associated. Besides, the renovation of buildings allows reusing materials, increasing the building life service and avoiding the deconstruction and new construction impacts. However, it is necessary to be aware that the intervention itself generate an impact (embodied energy, transportation and construction process), and sometimes, energy systems upgrading does not mean a consumption reduction and it also have influence on the city metabolism. The European Union and the Royal Institute of British Architecture have defined strategies in order to reduce the impact associated to buildings through renovations or refurbishments, however, both approaches have differences in their own standpoint. Besides, there are many concepts and terms associated to renovation that do not allow to clarify the objective with a technical and rigorously perspective. Facing the current uncertainties, life cycle assessment technique allows focusing on an already confirmed methodology in order to evaluate the potential environmental impacts associated to the renovation of buildings. While environmental impact on new construction is highly addressed, publication of refurbishment’s environmental impact is lacking in the academic literature. The used materials in construction phase of conventional building accounts for 20% of the total life cycle impact, while the operation energy is around 80%. However, recent researches show how as we design buildings with lower energy consumption the previous balance is levelling, and thus the weight of the materials on the total impact of the building is around 40% compared to 60% of operating energy. Therefore, in this communication are shown the current approaches and concepts in an international context to define a low environmental impact renovation. Firstly, it is proposed a classification of the renovation impacts according to the rebound effect theory. Secondly, it has been done a review of the academic literature that has used the life cycle assessment to evaluate the renovation of buildings, where convergences and divergences has been found between authors. Finally, it concludes highlighting those common perspectives and what fields are needed to develop in order to get a holistic and global approach of the environmental impact of renovation of buildings

Supervised contrastive learning over prototype-label embeddings for network intrusion detection

Producción CientíficaContrastive learning makes it possible to establish similarities between samples by comparing their distances in an intermediate representation space (embedding space) and using loss functions designed to attract/repel similar/dissimilar samples. The distance comparison is based exclusively on the sample features. We propose a novel contrastive learning scheme by including the labels in the same embedding space as the features and performing the distance comparison between features and labels in this shared embedding space. Following this idea, the sample features should be close to its ground-truth (positive) label and away from the other labels (negative labels). This scheme allows to implement a supervised classification based on contrastive learning. Each embedded label will assume the role of a class prototype in embedding space, with sample features that share the label gathering around it. The aim is to separate the label prototypes while minimizing the distance between each prototype and its same-class samples. A novel set of loss functions is proposed with this objective. Loss minimization will drive the allocation of sample features and labels in embedding space. Loss functions and their associated training and prediction architectures are analyzed in detail, along with different strategies for label separation. The proposed scheme drastically reduces the number of pair-wise comparisons, thus improving model performance. In order to further reduce the number of pair-wise comparisons, this initial scheme is extended by replacing the set of negative labels by its best single representative: either the negative label nearest to the sample features or the centroid of the cluster of negative labels. This idea creates a new subset of models which are analyzed in detail. The outputs of the proposed models are the distances (in embedding space) between each sample and the label prototypes. These distances can be used to perform classification (minimum distance label), features dimensionality reduction (using the distances and the embeddings instead of the original features) and data visualization (with 2 or 3D embeddings). Although the proposed models are generic, their application and performance evaluation is done here for network intrusion detection, characterized by noisy and unbalanced labels and a challenging classification of the various types of attacks. Empirical results of the model applied to intrusion detection are presented in detail for two well-known intrusion detection datasets, and a thorough set of classification and clustering performance evaluation metrics are included.Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades - Agencia Estatal de Investigación - Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (grant RTI2018-098958-B-I00