Sistemas de ciudades y tamaño: Un modelo de equilibrio general

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la importancia de las economías de aglomeración en la determinación del tamaño y la dimensión óptima de un sistema de ciudades. A partir de un modelo bisectorial de competencia perfecta explicamos la formación y el crecimiento de las ciudades. Ello, nos obliga a suponer que en cada aglomeración urbana existen dos sectores (economías domésticas y producción), la familias poseen un nivel de utilidad exógeno y las funciones de producción se caracterizan por depender de un solo input trabajo, presentan rendimientos constantes a escala y poseen un factor de progreso técnico neutral de Hicks. La primera gran conclusión que se extrae de este estudio es que en la primera fase de desarrollo de las ciudades, cuando existen economías de aglomeración, aquella que está especializada en la producción de un determinado bien es a también la más dimensionada y emplea a más trabajadores que la ciudad diversificada; sin embargo, en la medida que aparecen las deseconomías de aglomeración, ésta última registra un incremento poblacional y emplea más fuerza laboral. Otras conclusiones relevantes que se extraen de este trabajo son: (1) la producción óptima coincide con la de equilibrio, y (2) cuando una ciudad alcanza su dimensión óptima, el diferencial de renta del suelo es mayor o igual que el coste fijo de producción

EL VOTO ECONÓMICO EN DEMOCRACIA. EL CASO DE ESPAÑA

El análisis del voto económico en los regímenes democráticos es un programa de investigación de extraordinaria relevancia y vigencia científica. Nuestro objetivo es analizar como influyen los factores socioeconómicos y los condicionantes racionales de carácter económico, en la decisión final de los electores. Para ello, planteamos un modelo comprehensivo, en el que se incluyen un conjunto de variables explicativas que sintetizan los planteamientos más relevantes del comportamiento electoral: identificación partidista, teoría de la decisión racional y base socioestructural del voto. Incluso, defendemos la idea de que esta propuesta habría de convertirse en un desideratum. De todo lo anterior, no debemos inferir, que estamos ante un trabajo teórico, pues nuestro objetivo último es identificar los factores que determinan la decisión final de los electores españoles; y a partir de ahí, analizar la influencia de las variables de índole económico, en la orientación de su voto. A la luz de las estimaciones realizadas, podemos afirmar, que en España se ha utilizado el voto económico, como premio-castigo: perjudicó al PSOE en los comicios legislativos de 1993 y favoreció las expectativas electorales del PP en esta convocatoria. Por otra parte, el desempleo y la renta, como factores socioestructurales que condicionan la situación personal de los votantes, han desempeñado un papel relevante en la decisión final de los electores españoles. No podemos finalizar este resumen, sin resaltar, que en esta cuestión España no es muy diferente a otros países industrializados. Classification-JEL :Economía, voto, electorado, votantes españoles, desempleo y renta.

Sistemas de ciudades y tamaño: Un modelo de diferenciación del producto

This work presents a static model of optimal city size. The supply is characterized by firms under imperfect competition; families with preferences for variety form the demand side. The optimal size is sensitive to economies of agglomeration (or congestion) and to the households’ utility levels. Therefore, the consequence of taxation is analyzed in terms of efficiency. The second part studies the optimal system of cities size. Results seem to prove that size is path dependent: short or long run.

Fiscal Decentralization and Life Satisfaction in Chile

This research hinges upon the relationship between fiscal decentralization (FD) and subjective well-being (SWB) in Chile. We merge data from two household surveys (2011 and 2013) in which a life satisfaction question was included, with municipal-level information. By using a FD proxy that measures the share of municipal unconditional grants on all revenues, we produce an instrumental variable to test in the context of an ordered logistic multilevel model. Our contribution is twofold. First, we find evidence that, on average, FD does affect SWB positively. Second, we find this effect to depend on the satisfaction group in which individuals belong. Evidence from this study indicates that the effect in question is non-linear and that only high SWB groups are clearly benefitted. Since this reflects different priorities across SWB groups, this paper’s evidence is a call for a more aggressive inter-municipal fiscal equalization scheme

Glacial geomorphology of the High Gredos Massif: Gredos and Pinar valleys (Iberian Central System, Spain)

We present a detailed geomorphological map of the landform assemblages originated by the two major paleoglaciers of the Sierra de Gredos mountain range in the Spanish Iberian Central System. Based on previous works, our map focused on the features formed by Gredos and Pinar paleoglaciers during the last glaciation and subsequent glacial events. Based on a remote sensing analysis and exhaustive field surveys, we identified with great accuracy the local distribution of glacial, periglacial, mass movement, structural, fluvial, and lacustrine features. We recognized three main glacial geomorphological formations representing: (i) the maximum glacial extension reached (peripheral deposits); (ii) the culmination of glacial conditions (principal moraines) and (iii) the local glacial withdrawal (internal deposits). Our map offers a renewed spatial framework on which to conduct higher-resolution glacial chronologies, especially of Late Glacial and Holocene glacial activity, providing key information for performing future paleoclimatic reconstructions of the northern hemisphere mid-latitudes

The Prados del Cervunal morainic complex: Evidence of a MIS 2 glaciation in the Iberian Central System synchronous to the global LGM

© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND licenseThe area of Prados del Cervunal (PC) is an intra-morainic topographic depression located at 1800 m asl in the divide or interfluve between Garganta de Gredos and Garganta del Pinar valleys (Central Gredos; Iberian Central System, ICS). Both valleys, along with the adjacent Hoya Nevada, were occupied by glaciers during the Upper Pleistocene, leading to the development of the Prados del Cervunal moraine complexes studied in this work. Using cartographic methods and morphostratigraphic analysis, the three main glacial formations established in the Regional Chrono-Evolutionary Pattern for the ICS, Peripheral Deposits (PD), Principal Moraine (PM) and Internal Deposits (ID), have been identified and mapped in this area. The chronology of these formations has been implemented by Cosmic Ray Exposure (CRE) techniques using 10Be (new data) and 26Cl (previous data, recalculated in this work) in samples from morainic boulders. With these data, the following chrono-evolutionary sequence has been established: (stage 1) local-Maximum Ice Extent (MIE), dated in 25.0 ± 1.4 ka and corresponding to the maximum age obtained in these paleoglaciers; (stage 2) period of oscillations around the MIE, corresponding to the development of the PD Formation between ∼25 ka and ∼21 ka; (stage 3) period of readvance and stabilisation, dated after ∼21 ka (average age obtained for the PD moraines attached to PM moraines) and previous to ∼18 (minimum age obtained for a main crest of the PM formation); and (stage 4) onset of deglaciation dated around to ∼18 ka (average of ages obtained for the first main crest of the ID formation). During the stages of maximum ice expansion, these three glaciers formed an Ice field whose tongues were interconnected on the PC flat by an ice transfluence system (stages 1 and 2, Plateau Glacier Period). In later stages, the ice masses were partitioned, giving rise to valley glaciers and large moraines forming morainic complexes like those of PC (stages 2, 3 and 4, Valley Glaciers Period). The local MIE and onset of deglaciation stages in this area show a good fit with the ages stablished to global level for the global Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the onset of the Last Glacial Termination (Termination I). They also show good correlation at local (with other areas of the ICS), peninsular (with other Iberian mountains) and continental (some areas of the Alps and mountains of Central Europe) level. Finally, this evolutionary sequence and its correlations allowed us to adjust and validate some units of the Regional Chrono-Evolutionary Pattern model and propose the Gredos-Pinar-Cabeza Nevada glacial system as benchmark for the glaciation of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2 in the Iberian Peninsula.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (project PID2020-117685 GB-I00), Castilla-La Mancha University (UCLM, project 2023-GRIN-34112), ANID FONDECYT postdoctoral #3220537, ANID BASAL CHIC #FB210018 and ANID FONDECYT Regular #1220550. The ASTER AMS national facility (CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence) is supported by the INSU/CNRS, and IRD. The authors acknowledge the help and assistance received from the Sierra de Gredos Regional Park (Environmental Department of the Junta de Castilla y León, JCyL) and to the “Guarderia” (Staff of surveillance and control) of the Gredos Regional Reserve for their remarkable help in the fieldworks.Peer reviewe

Impact of interstitial lung disease on the survival of systemic sclerosis with pulmonary arterial hypertension

To assess severity markers and outcomes of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) with or without pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH-SSc/non-PAH-SSc), and the impact of interstitial lung disease (ILD) on PAH-SSc. Non-PAH-SSc patients from the Spanish SSc registry and PAH-SSc patients from the Spanish PAH registry were included. A total of 364 PAH-SSc and 1589 non-PAH-SSc patients were included. PAH-SSc patients had worse NYHA-functional class (NYHA-FC), worse forced vital capacity (FVC) (81.2 +/- 20.6% vs 93.6 +/- 20.6%, P < 0.001), worse tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) (17.4 +/- 5.2 mm vs 19.9 +/- 6.7 mm, P < 0.001), higher incidence of pericardial effusion (30% vs 5.2%, P < 0.001) and similar prevalence of ILD (41.8% vs. 44.9%). In individuals with PAH-SSc, ILD was associated with worse hemodynamics and pulmonary function tests (PFT). Up-front combination therapy was used in 59.8% and 61.7% of patients with and without ILD, respectively. Five-year transplant-free survival rate was 41.1% in PAH-SSc patients and 93.9% in non-PAH-SSc patients (P < 0.001). Global survival of PAH-SSc patients was not affected by ILD regardless its severity. The multivariate survival analysis in PAH-SSc patients confirmed age at diagnosis, worse NYHA-FC, increased PVR, reduced DLCO, and lower management with up-front combination therapy as major risk factors. In conclusion, in PAH-SSc cohort risk of death was greatly increased by clinical, PFT, and hemodynamic factors, whereas it was decreased by up-front combination therapy. Concomitant ILD worsened hemodynamics and PFT in PAH-SSc but not survival regardless of FVC impairment

Impact of interstitial lung disease on the survival of systemic sclerosis with pulmonary arterial hypertension

To assess severity markers and outcomes of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) with or without pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH-SSc/non-PAH-SSc), and the impact of interstitial lung disease (ILD) on PAH-SSc. Non-PAH-SSc patients from the Spanish SSc registry and PAH-SSc patients from the Spanish PAH registry were included. A total of 364 PAH-SSc and 1589 non-PAH-SSc patients were included. PAH-SSc patients had worse NYHA-functional class (NYHA-FC), worse forced vital capacity (FVC) (81.2 ± 20.6% vs 93.6 ± 20.6%, P &lt; 0.001), worse tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) (17.4 ± 5.2 mm vs 19.9 ± 6.7 mm, P &lt; 0.001), higher incidence of pericardial effusion (30% vs 5.2%, P &lt; 0.001) and similar prevalence of ILD (41.8% vs. 44.9%). In individuals with PAH-SSc, ILD was associated with worse hemodynamics and pulmonary function tests (PFT). Up-front combination therapy was used in 59.8% and 61.7% of patients with and without ILD, respectively. Five-year transplant-free survival rate was 41.1% in PAH-SSc patients and 93.9% in non-PAH-SSc patients (P &lt; 0.001). Global survival of PAH-SSc patients was not affected by ILD regardless its severity. The multivariate survival analysis in PAH-SSc patients confirmed age at diagnosis, worse NYHA-FC, increased PVR, reduced DLCO, and lower management with up-front combination therapy as major risk factors. In conclusion, in PAH-SSc cohort risk of death was greatly increased by clinical, PFT, and hemodynamic factors, whereas it was decreased by up-front combination therapy. Concomitant ILD worsened hemodynamics and PFT in PAH-SSc but not survival regardless of FVC impairment