El Cerro del Cogolludo: Lacimurga Constantia Iulia o Lacimurga/Lacinimurga

Romula nº 9 (2010) p. 7-18El hallazgo a mediados del siglo XIX de un epígrafe dedicado al Genius Lacimurgae en las proximidades del "Cerro del Cogolludo", al este de la actual provincia de Badajoz, ha generado durante más de un siglo un intenso debate centrado en la identificación del núcleo romano emplazado en este lugar: la Lacimurga Constantia Iulia de Plinio el Viejo o, por el contrario, la Lacimurga o Lacinimurga de Ptolomeo. La primera inscrita en la Bética y la segunda en Lusitania. En este trabajo pretendemos analizar las diferentes opiniones vertidas al respecto en conjunto con el registro textual, epigráfico y material disponible actualmente, para intentar despejar el interrogante abierto. Palabras clave: Lacimurga, Lacimurga Constantia Iulia, Genius Lacimurgae, forma de Lacimurga, terminus de Valdecaballeros, Cerro del Cogolludo.The discovery in the mid-nineteenth century of one inscription dedicated to the Genius Lacimurgae near the "Cerro del Cogolludo", located in the east of the province of Badajoz, has generated a intense debate focused on identifying the Roman settlement of this place: the Lacimurga Constantia Iulia of Pliny the Elder or, conversely, the Lacimurga or Lacinimurga of Ptolemy. The first one attached in the Baetica and the second in the Lusitania. In this work we analyzed the different opinions expressed about this matter with the textual and epigraphic material available, in order to clear the open question. Keywords: Lacimurga, Lacimurga Constantia Iulia, Genius Lacimurgae, forma of Lacimurga, terminus from Valdecaballeros, Cerro del Cogolludo.Versión del edito

El Cerro del Cogolludo. Lacimurga Constantia Iulia o Lacimurga/Lacinimurga

El hallazgo a mediados del siglo XIX de un epígrafe dedicado al Genius Lacimurgae en las proximidades del “Cerro del Cogolludo”, al este de la actual provincia de Badajoz, ha generado durante más de un siglo un intenso debate centrado en la identificación del núcleo romano emplazado en este lugar: la Lacimurga Constantia Iulia de Plinio el Viejo o, por el contrario, la Lacimurga o Lacinimurga de Ptolomeo. La primera inscrita en la Bética y la segunda en Lusitania. En este trabajo pretendemos analizar las diferentes opiniones vertidas al respecto en conjunto con el registro textual, epigráfico y material disponible actualmente, para intentar despejar el interrogante abierto. Palabras clave: Lacimurga, Lacimurga Constantia Iulia, Genius Lacimurgae, forma de Lacimurga, terminus de Valdecaballeros, Cerro del Cogolludo.--------------------------------------------------------------------The discovery in the mid-nineteenth century of one inscription dedicated to the Genius Lacimurgae near the “Cerro del Cogolludo”, located in the east of the province of Badajoz, has generated a intense debate focused on identifying the Roman settlement of this place: the Lacimurga Constantia Iulia of Pliny the Elder or, conversely, the Lacimurga or Lacinimurga of Ptolemy. The first one attached in the Baetica and the second in the Lusitania. In this work we analyzed the different opinions expressed about this matter with the textual and epigraphic material available, in order to clear the open question. Keywords: Lacimurga, Lacimurga Constantia Iulia, Genius Lacimurgae, forma of Lacimurga, terminus from Valdecaballeros, Cerro del Cogolludo. 

Um estado da questão

UIDB/00749/2020 UIDP/00749/2020The analysis of the early middle age pottery productions is a marginal issue in the studies of the Portuguese Middle Age. A situation that has generated, nowadays, the lack of director fossils that help in the study of the material culture of this period. In this paper, we seek to address the reasons for this situation through an analytical approach to the history of the investigation of early middle age pottery in Portugal. A reflection that we hope may improve the perception of the current state of research, in which we will highlight what, in our opinion, are the priority lines of research development.publishersversionpublishe

High temperature treatments of porous activated carbon

The use of biomass waste for the preparation of activated carbon is of great industrial interest for reducing costs and increasing the sustainability, especially in the field of energy storage. A high temperature treatment is required to obtain a more ordered carbon material, thus increasing its conductivity. However, this high temperature treatment entails as a disadvantage a significant reduction in porosity. Therefore, a method to prepare activated carbons with a high porosity development as well as high conductivity could be of great interest for many applications. The aim of this work is to analyze the possible influence of phosphorus compounds on the physical-chemical properties of different carbon materials thermally treated at relatively high temperatures (1600 ºC). With this goal, it has been prepared activated carbons from different precursors (olive stone, lignin and hemp) and different conformations (powder, fibers and monoliths) by physical and chemical activation, with CO2 and H3PO4, respectively. Once the different activated carbon materials were prepared, they were thermally treated at 1600 ºC under inert atmosphere. The different samples were characterized by N2 and CO2 adsorption at 77 and 273 K, respectively, XPS, XRD and Raman techniques. The oxidation resistance was also evaluated in a thermogravimetric balance. High temperature treatments of activated carbon without the presence of P surface groups produced an important contraction of the porosity (from 900 to 150 m2 g-1). However, temperature treatments of phosphorus-activated carbon allowed for preparing carbon materials with a relatively high structural order and a well-developed porosity (c.a. 1100 m2 g-1), with a significant contribution of mesoporosity. These results suggest that these P-surface groups are responsible for the low contraction observed for the porous structure, avoiding, in a large extent, its collapse.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. MINECO (CTQ2015-68654-R). MINECO (PTA2015-11464-I)

Modification of the morphology, porosity and surface chemistry of lignin-based electrospun carbon materials

Lignin is a biopolymer that can be found as the main component of plants. It is obtained as a coproduct in the papermaking and biofuel industries. Owing to its high carbon and aromatic content, high availability and reduced cost, it is an excellent precursor for the preparation of highly valued carbon materials. Electrospinning is a suitable top-down technique for the preparation of polymeric fibers using high voltage electrical fields and polymer solutions of proper viscosity and conductivity. Organosolv lignins, which are extracted from lignocellulosic biomass using organic solvents, are soluble in ethanol, obtaining a solution that matches the requirement of the electrospinning process. In this way, it is possible to produce lignin-based porous carbon fibers using a coaxial electrospinning device [1]. This contribution summarizes our findings about the preparation of carbon materials with different morphologies and composition by processing lignin using electrohydrodynamic forces. Lignin spheres, beaded fibers, straight fibers, beaded tubes and straight tubes are obtained by using coaxial and triaxial spinnerets that allows the electrospinning of two or three different solutions at once [1], Fig. 1. Thermal stabilization in air is needed in order to avoid melting of lignin fibers during carbonization. Stabilization times of 48-96 hours are usually required in this step, decreasing the sustainability of the production process. Phosphoric acid can be added in small amounts in the lignin solution, shortening the time for achieve a successful thermostabilization of the fiber [2]. The carbonized materials show narrow microporosity and large surface area values (SBET from 600 to 1000 m2g-1) and additional pore size and volume can be developed by controlled gasification.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and FEDER (CTQ-2015-68654-R)

Methanol dehydration on carbon-based acid catalysts

Methanol dehydration to produce dimethyl ether (DME) is an interesting process for the chemical industry since DME is an important intermediate and a promising clean alternative fuel for diesel engines. Pure or modified γ-aluminas (γ-Al2O3) and zeolites are often used as catalysts for this reaction. However, these materials usually yield non desirable hydrocarbons and undergo fast deactivation. In this work, we study the catalytic conversion of methanol over an acid carbon catalyst obtained by chemical activation of olive stone with H3PO4. A significant amount of phosphorus remains over the catalyst surface after the activation process, mostly in form of C-O-PO3 and C-PO3 groups, which provide the carbon a relatively high surface acidity and oxidation resistance. Methanol decomposition on this catalyst yields selectivities to DME higher than 82% at 623K and methanol conversion of 34%, under the operating conditions studied. The activated carbon catalytic activity and stability, under inert and oxidant atmospheres, as well as different regeneration procedures, were studied. In the absence of oxygen, the catalyst suffers a progressive deactivation by coke deposition on the active acid sites (Fig. 1). The presence of oxygen modifies the carbon surface chemistry, probably through oxygen spillover on the catalyst surface, where the availability of labile oxygen avoids catalyst deactivation. A reaction mechanism has been proposed where methanol dehydration seems to proceed through an Eley-Rideal mechanism, which assumes the adsorption of water and oxygen spillover on the acid active sites, avoiding coke deposition

Sobre los usos y la cronología de las pizarras numerales: Reflexiones a partir del caso del yacimiento de Valdelobos (Montijo, Badajoz)

In this paper we reflect on the use, function and chronology of the so-called ‘Visigothic numeral’ slates in order to offer new perspectives of analysis and to achieve a better understanding of them. Our main reference is the recently found slate from Valdelobos archaeological site, which is comprised within the ager Emeritensis, but also takes into account its relation to other similar items documented in the areas located in the southwestern- section of the Duero basin and the southern-part of the mountains of the Central System where most of the slates have been found.En este trabajo pretendemos ofrecer algunas reflexiones sobre el uso, función y cronología de las llamadas pizarras numerales visigodas con el fin de ofrecer nuevas perspectivas de análisis que ayuden a su mejor comprensión. Para ello tomamos como referencia principal la pizarra hallada recientemente en el yacimiento de Valdelobos, inserto dentro del ager Emeritensis, pero sin descuidar su relación con los ejemplares documentados en el sector suroccidental de la cuenca del Duero y en la zona meridional del Sistema Central; región de donde procede la inmensa mayoría de las pizarras conocidas

A perspective on the preparation of value-added carbon materials from lignin

The thermochemical conversion of lignin into different added-value carbon materials constitutes an alternative approach for valorization of this co-product that can be integrated in pulping and biorefinery processes. Such approach is based on the relatively high carbon content and the abundance of aromatic rings in the structure of raw and technical lignins. In this way, our research group have been preparing carbon molecular sieves, activated carbons, electrospun nanofibers, nanostructured and highly ordered carbons from different types of lignins during the last three decades.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

Sociedades e paisagens rurais

UIDB/00749/2020 UIDP/00749/2020 DL 57/2016/CP1453/CT0072O presente trabalho aborda de forma muito sintética a problemática das sepulturas escavadas na rocha da região beirã partindo de duas escalas de análise: a microescala, que corresponde à escala do sítio arqueológico; e a macroescala, que, neste caso, corresponde à análise de toda a região. Na primeira abordagem tem sido fundamental a escavação de sítios com sepulturas, como o Penedo dos Mouros e São Gens, o que veio permitir uma nova compreensão deste fenómeno funerário. A segunda abordagem mostra-se também essencial pois começam a emergir claras diferenças na distribuição dos sítios com sepulturas à escala da região que nem sempres se podem explicar pela desigualdade no investimento da investigação arqueológica. Um desses casos é o território de Lafões aqui discutido sucintamente. This paper addresses in a very synthetic way the issue of rock-cut tombs in the Beira region from two scales of analysis: the micro-scale, which corresponds to the scale of the archaeological site; and the macro-scale, which, in this case, corresponds to the analysis of the whole region. In the first approach, the excavation of grave sites, such as Penedo dos Mouros and São Gens, has been fundamental and has allowed for a new understanding of this funerary phenomenon. The second approach is also essential as clear differences are beginning to emerge in the distribution of grave sites on a regional scale which cannot always be explained by the unequal investment in archaeological research. One such case is the territory of Lafões, discussed briefly here.publishersversionpublishe

One-pot synthesis of lignin-based electrospun oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts

Owing to their adequate combination of high surface area, electrical conductivity and electrochemical resistance, carbon fibers has been used for a long time as a catalyst supports and gas diffusion layers in the electrodes of fuel cells. However, the use of high amounts of noble metals in the cathode is hampering the commercial utilization of fuel cells. We have recently demonstrated that the electrospinning of lignin, a widely available and non-expensive biopolymer, allows the production of porous carbon cloths, which have been already utilized as electrodes for methanol oxidation and supercapacitors. In this work, we propose the electrospinning of lignin and noble/non-noble metal precursors for one-pot production of ORR catalysts. Fe, Co, Pd and Pt salts have been incorporated onto lignin-ethanol solutions and have been electrospun in microsized, metal-decorated lignin fibers. The stabilization and carbonization of these fibers have produced carbon electrodes with supported metallic nanoparticles up to 10 % wt. loading, avoiding the use of further impregnation steps. In addition, the incorporation of metal precursors in the lignin solution enhances the development of mesoporosity in the resulting carbon fibers, a desirable feature for increasing mass transfer rate when used as electrocatalyst, without compromising their electrical conductivity. The electrochemical characterization has confirmed that these carbon cloths are promising ORR catalysts that could be useful for the reducing the amount of noble metals in the electrodes or for allowing the use of non-noble metals as catalysts.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. MINECO/FEDER CTQ2015-68654-R MINECO/FEDER CTQ2015-66080-R MINECO PTA2015-11464-