Proto‐Urea‐RNA (Wöhler RNA) Containing Unusually Stable Urea Nucleosides

The RNA world hypothesis assumes that life on Earth began with nucleotides that formed information‐carrying RNA oligomers able to self‐replicate. Prebiotic reactions leading to the contemporary nucleosides are now known, but their execution often requires specific starting materials and lengthy reaction sequences. It was therefore proposed that the RNA world was likely proceeded by a proto‐RNA world constructed from molecules that were likely present on the early Earth in greater abundance. Herein, we show that the prebiotic starting molecules bis‐urea (biuret) and tris‐urea (triuret) are able to directly react with ribose. The urea‐ribosides are remarkably stable because they are held together by a network of intramolecular, bifurcated hydrogen bonds. This even allowed the synthesis of phosphoramidite building blocks and incorporation of the units into RNA. Investigations of the nucleotides’ base‐pairing potential showed that triuret:G RNA base pairs closely resemble U:G wobble base pairs. Based on the probable abundance of urea on the early Earth, we postulate that urea‐containing RNA bases are good candidates for a proto‐RNA world

Rational Design of α-Helix-Stabilized Exendin-4 Analogues

Exendin-4 (Ex4) is a potent glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, a drug regulating the plasma glucose level of patients suffering from type 2 diabetes. The molecule’s poor solubility and its readiness to form aggregates increase the likelihood of unwanted side effects. Therefore, we designed Ex4 analogues with improved structural characteristics and better water solubility. Rational design was started from the parent 20-amino acid, well-folded Trp cage (TC) miniprotein and involved the step-by-step N-terminal elongation of the TC head, resulting in the 39-amino acid Ex4 analogue, E19. Helical propensity coupled to tertiary structure compactness was monitored and quantitatively analyzed by electronic circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for the 14 peptides of different lengths. Both 15N relaxation- and diffusion-ordered NMR measurements were established to investigate the inherent mobility and self-association propensity of Ex4 and E19. Our designed E19 molecule has the same tertiary structure as Ex4 but is more helical than Ex4 under all studied conditions; it is less prone to oligomerization and has preserved biological activity. These conditions make E19 a perfect lead compound for further drug discovery. We believe that this structural study improves our understanding of the relationship between local molecular features and global physicochemical properties such as water solubility and could help in the development of more potent Ex4 analogues with improved pharmacokinetic properties

Signalogs: Orthology-Based Identification of Novel Signaling Pathway Components in Three Metazoans

BACKGROUND: Uncovering novel components of signal transduction pathways and their interactions within species is a central task in current biological research. Orthology alignment and functional genomics approaches allow the effective identification of signaling proteins by cross-species data integration. Recently, functional annotation of orthologs was transferred across organisms to predict novel roles for proteins. Despite the wide use of these methods, annotation of complete signaling pathways has not yet been transferred systematically between species. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we introduce the concept of 'signalog' to describe potential novel signaling function of a protein on the basis of the known signaling role(s) of its ortholog(s). To identify signalogs on genomic scale, we systematically transferred signaling pathway annotations among three animal species, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, and humans. Using orthology data from InParanoid and signaling pathway information from the SignaLink database, we predict 88 worm, 92 fly, and 73 human novel signaling components. Furthermore, we developed an on-line tool and an interactive orthology network viewer to allow users to predict and visualize components of orthologous pathways. We verified the novelty of the predicted signalogs by literature search and comparison to known pathway annotations. In C. elegans, 6 out of the predicted novel Notch pathway members were validated experimentally. Our approach predicts signaling roles for 19 human orthodisease proteins and 5 known drug targets, and suggests 14 novel drug target candidates. CONCLUSIONS: Orthology-based pathway membership prediction between species enables the identification of novel signaling pathway components that we referred to as signalogs. Signalogs can be used to build a comprehensive signaling network in a given species. Such networks may increase the biomedical utilization of C. elegans and D. melanogaster. In humans, signalogs may identify novel drug targets and new signaling mechanisms for approved drugs

Uniformly curated signaling pathways reveal tissue-specific cross-talks and support drug target discovery

Motivation: Signaling pathways control a large variety of cellular processes. However, currently, even within the same database signaling pathways are often curated at different levels of detail. This makes comparative and cross-talk analyses difficult. Results: We present SignaLink, a database containing 8 major signaling pathways from Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and humans. Based on 170 review and approx. 800 research articles, we have compiled pathways with semi-automatic searches and uniform, well-documented curation rules. We found that in humans any two of the 8 pathways can cross-talk. We quantified the possible tissue- and cancer-specific activity of cross-talks and found pathway-specific expression profiles. In addition, we identified 327 proteins relevant for drug target discovery. Conclusions: We provide a novel resource for comparative and cross-talk analyses of signaling pathways. The identified multi-pathway and tissue-specific cross-talks contribute to the understanding of the signaling complexity in health and disease and underscore its importance in network-based drug target selection. Availability: http://SignaLink.orgComment: 9 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables and a supplementary info with 5 Figures and 13 Table

Laser-Doppler microvascular measurements in the peri-implant areas of different osseointegrated bone conductor implant systems

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of hydroxyapatite coating of newly designed osseointegrated fixtures' abutments on the postoperative complication rates. The integrity of peri-implant microcirculation was used as a marker to compare tissue viability after different surgical techniques. Laser-Doppler Flowmetry (LDF) measures alone, and coupled with heat provocation tests were applied to test the different microcircular patterns. Measures for 17 consecutively implanted patients (8 women, 9 men, ages ranged from 18 to 77 years) were recruited; seven with soft tissue reduction (STR); and 10 with soft tissue preservation (STP).Thirteen non-operated retro-auricular areas were examined as naive controls. In isotherm conditions the baseline blood flow remained stable in all groups. The naive control patients demonstrated significant changes of blood flux in the intact skin. The non-implanted yet previously operated contralateral sides of the patients demonstrated marginally lower (p = 0.09) blood flux index. The STR sides however, showed significantly lower (average 217 %) provoked blood flux compared to controls (p < 0.001). At the STP sides a maladaptation could be observed (average 316 %) compared to the contralateral sides (p = 0.53). STP sides demonstrated a significantly better blood flow improvement compared to the STR sides (p = 0.02). These results suggest a favorable postoperative condition of vascular microcirculation after STP, than after STR surgery. The possibly faster wound healing and lower potential complication rate may widen the inclusion criteria and maybe beneficial for the patient compliance with a better quality-of-life

Dynamics of the dimethyl sulfide exchange of (1,3‐diphenylallyl)dimethylsulfonium ions

The dynamics of the allylic rearrangement of the (1,3-diphenylallyl)dimethylsulfonium ion in CD2Cl2, which proceeds via intermediate 1,3-diphenylallyl cations, has been investigated by variable temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy. At low temperature, the three allylic protons give rise to an AMX system, and the two diastereotopic S-methyl groups resonate at different frequencies. At higher temperature, an AX2 system for the allylic protons and a single signal for the S-methyl groups are observed. The resulting exchange rate constant of (364 ± 2) s–1 at 25°C, which corresponds to the rate of the heterolytic cleavage of the C–S bond, was used to explore the range of validity of the linear free energy relationship log khet(25°C) = sf (Nf + Ef), which describes the rates of heterolytic cleavages by the electrofugality parameter Ef and the solvent-dependent nucleofuge-specific parameters Nf and sf. The observed rate constant corroborates a previous conclusion that two different sets of Nf and sf parameters may exist for the same nucleofuge. Knowledge of whether the reverse bond-forming reaction occurs under activation or under diffusion control is crucial for the choice of the appropriate set of nucleofugality parameters

Protein conformational dynamics studied by (15)N and (1)H R1ρ relaxation dispersion: Application to wild-type and G53A ubiquitin crystals.

International audienceSolid-state NMR spectroscopy can provide site-resolved information about protein dynamics over many time scales. Here we combine protein deuteration, fast magic-angle spinning (~45-60kHz) and proton detection to study dynamics of ubiquitin in microcrystals, and in particular a mutant in a region that undergoes microsecond motions in a β-turn region in the wild-type protein. We use (15)N R1ρ relaxation measurements as a function of the radio-frequency (RF) field strength, i.e. relaxation dispersion, to probe how the G53A mutation alters these dynamics. We report a population-inversion of conformational states: the conformation that in the wild-type protein is populated only sparsely becomes the predominant state. We furthermore explore the potential to use amide-(1)H R1ρ relaxation to obtain insight into dynamics. We show that while quantitative interpretation of (1)H relaxation remains beyond reach under the experimental conditions, due to coherent contributions to decay, one may extract qualitative information about flexibility