Music and Emotions: Psychological Aspects with Regard to the Origin and Evolution of Music

Roman Mlejnek Hudba a emoce: psychologické aspekty ve vztahu k původu a vývoji hudby Disertační práce Abstrakt Tématu hudba a emoce je v současné době věnována velká pozornost napříč různými obory. Disertační práce shrnuje aktuální poznatky o emocích a rozebírá styčné body hudby a příbuzných jevů, které mohou osvětlit význam emocionality (zvuk, řeč, hra, pohyb). Interindividuální rozdíly jsou pojednány především z hlediska různých úrovní hudebnosti. Vybrané problémy (zejména z hudební estetiky a hudební teorie) jsou komentovány pohledem současné psychologie. Práce si všímá zejména společných psychologických mechanismů fungujících napříč historií, různými kulturami i různými typy hudby. Zvláštní pozornost je věnována otázce původu hudby a jejích evolučních základů. Součástí práce jsou dva empirické výzkumy založené na dotazníkových šetřeních. První testuje Janáčkovy nápěvky mluvy jako potenciální podnětový materiál a zkoumá na nich vztah hudby a řeči. Druhý se týká tělesně prožívaných reakcí při hudbě, zaměřuje se na hudebníky a snaží se přispět k porozumění jejich odlišností od nehudebníků. Klíčová slova: hudba, emoce, původ hudbyRoman Mlejnek Music and Emotions: Psychological Aspects with Regard to the Origin and Evolution of Music Dissertation thesis Abstract Music and emotion is of deep interest in today's research in many different disciplines. This thesis summarizes contemporary knowledge of emotion and analyses music's related phenomena which could enlighten the importance of emotionality (sound, speech, play, movement). Interindividual differences are discussed mainly with regard to musicality. Selected problems (especially from music aesthetics and music theory) are commented from the point of view of contemporary psychology. In the first place, this thesis notices common psychological mechanisms working in music of different types, times and cultures. Special consideration is devoted to the question of the origins of music and it's evolutionary basis. The thesis includes two empirical studies based on questionnaire surveys. The first one explores Janáček's collection of speech melodies with regard to it's potential as research stimuli for research in music and speech. The second one deals with physically experienced reactions and is focussed on musicians and their differences to non- musicians. Key words: music, emotion, origins of musicInstitute of MusicologyÚstav hudební vědyFilozofická fakultaFaculty of Art

Dvije nove vrste visokospecijaliziranih podzemnih špiljskih kornjaša s Velebita (Croatia): Velebitaphaenops (new genus) giganteus Casale & Jalžić (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechini) i Velebitodromus ozrenlukici Lohaj, Mlejnek & Jalžić (Coleoptera: Cholevidae: Leptodirini)

Two new highly specialised troglobitic beetles from the Velebit massif (Croatia, Dinaric chain) are described from deep caves in the Crnopac massif. Velebitaphaenops (new genus) giganteus Casale & Jalžić, new species (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechini) is markedly characterised by its large size, and the peculiar combination of features in the mouth parts, chaetotaxy, and male genitalia. Its putative position amongst the aphaenopsoid trechine taxa of the Dinaric range is illustrated and discussed. Velebitodromus ozrenlukici Lohaj, Mlejnek & Jalžić, new species (Coleoptera: Cholevidae: Leptodirini) is close to the type species of the genus, Velebitodromus smidai Casale, Giachino & Jalžić, 2004, described from Nothern Velebit (Lubenovac). The new species is markedly distinct by its shorter and wider elytra, and other diagnostic features illustrated both in text and in a key for identification. Data on the distributions and habitats of these two new, unexpected and interesting taxa are also provided.U radu se opisuju dvije nove visokospecijalizirane vrste troglobiontnih kornjaša s Velebita, iz dubokih špilja Crnopca (Hrvatska, Dinaridi). Najznačajnije osobine nove vrste Velebitaphaenops (n. g.) giganteus Casale & Jalžić (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechini) su veličina te posebna kombinacija značajki usnih dijelova, osobitosti četina i genitalija mužjaka. Obrazlaže se i razmatra njen vjerojatan položaj među svojtama afenopsoidnih trehina Dinarida. Nova vrsta Velebitodromus ozrenlukici Lohaj, Mlejnek & Jalžić (Coleoptera: Cholevidae: Leptodirini) bliska je tipskoj vrsti roda, Velebitodromus smidai Casale, Giachino & Jalžić, 2004, opisanoj sa sjevernog Velebita (Lubenovac). Novu vrstu karakterizira kraće i šire pokrilje, i ostale dijagnostičke značajke opisane u tekstu i u ključu za identifikaciju. U radu se daju i podaci o rasprostranjenosti i staništima tih novih, neočekivanih i zanimljivih svojti

Chthonius (Chthonius) heterodactylus a new species of pseudoscorpion (Pseudoscorpiones: Chtroniidae) for the Czech Republic

Chthonius heterodactylus Tömösváry, 1882 is recorded for the first time from the Czech Republic (Hranická chasm). The occurence of this Carpathian species in Central Europe is discussed and the positions of the type localities are corrected

Nova vrsta roda Acheroniotes Lohaj & Lakota s planine Ljubišnja, Bosna i Hercegovina (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechini)

Acheroniotes golovranicensis sp. nov. from Golovranica pit (Ljubišnja mountain range, Radovina, SE Bosnia & Herzegovina), the second known species of the genus, is described, illustrated and compared with the congeneric species Acheroniotes mlejneki Lohaj & Lakota, 2010. This new species is characterised by the different shape of pronotum, wider head and by the shape of the apical part of the aedeagus. Data on the distribution and the ecology of this remarkable species are also provided.U radu se opisuje Acheroniotes golovranicensis sp. nov. iz jame Golovranica (masiv planine Ljubišnje, Radovina, JI Bosna i Hercegovina), druga poznata vrsta tog roda te se uspoređuje kongenerična vrsta Acheroniotes mlejneki Lohaj & Lakota, 2010. Novu vrstu odlikuje različit oblik pronotuma, šira glava i oblik vršnog dijela muških genitalija. Također rad donosi podatke o rasprostranjenosti i ekologiji ove neobične vrste

Dvije nove vrste visokospecijaliziranih podzemnih špiljskih kornjaša s Velebita (Croatia): Velebitaphaenops (new genus) giganteus Casale & Jalžić (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechini) i Velebitodromus ozrenlukici Lohaj, Mlejnek & Jalžić (Coleoptera: Cholevidae: Leptodirini)

Two new highly specialised troglobitic beetles from the Velebit massif (Croatia, Dinaric chain) are described from deep caves in the Crnopac massif. Velebitaphaenops (new genus) giganteus Casale & Jalžić, new species (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechini) is markedly characterised by its large size, and the peculiar combination of features in the mouth parts, chaetotaxy, and male genitalia. Its putative position amongst the aphaenopsoid trechine taxa of the Dinaric range is illustrated and discussed. Velebitodromus ozrenlukici Lohaj, Mlejnek & Jalžić, new species (Coleoptera: Cholevidae: Leptodirini) is close to the type species of the genus, Velebitodromus smidai Casale, Giachino & Jalžić, 2004, described from Nothern Velebit (Lubenovac). The new species is markedly distinct by its shorter and wider elytra, and other diagnostic features illustrated both in text and in a key for identification. Data on the distributions and habitats of these two new, unexpected and interesting taxa are also provided.U radu se opisuju dvije nove visokospecijalizirane vrste troglobiontnih kornjaša s Velebita, iz dubokih špilja Crnopca (Hrvatska, Dinaridi). Najznačajnije osobine nove vrste Velebitaphaenops (n. g.) giganteus Casale & Jalžić (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechini) su veličina te posebna kombinacija značajki usnih dijelova, osobitosti četina i genitalija mužjaka. Obrazlaže se i razmatra njen vjerojatan položaj među svojtama afenopsoidnih trehina Dinarida. Nova vrsta Velebitodromus ozrenlukici Lohaj, Mlejnek & Jalžić (Coleoptera: Cholevidae: Leptodirini) bliska je tipskoj vrsti roda, Velebitodromus smidai Casale, Giachino & Jalžić, 2004, opisanoj sa sjevernog Velebita (Lubenovac). Novu vrstu karakterizira kraće i šire pokrilje, i ostale dijagnostičke značajke opisane u tekstu i u ključu za identifikaciju. U radu se daju i podaci o rasprostranjenosti i staništima tih novih, neočekivanih i zanimljivih svojti

Eye movements in scene perception while listening to slow and fast music

To date, there is insufficient knowledge of how visual exploration of outdoor scenes may be influenced by the simultaneous processing of music. Eye movements during viewing various outdoor scenes while listening to music at either a slow or fast tempo or in silence were measured. Significantly shorter fixations were found for viewing urban scenes compared with natural scenes, but there was no interaction between the type of scene and the acoustic conditions. The results revealed shorter fixation durations in the silent control condition in the range 30 ms, compared to both music conditions but, in contrast to previous studies, these differences were non-significant. Moreover, we did not find differences in eye movements between music conditions with a slow or fast tempo. It is supposed that the type of musical stimuli, the specific tempo, the specific experimental procedure, and the engagement of participants in listening to background music while processing visual information may be important factors that influence attentional processes, which are manifested in eye-movement behavior.

Invertebrates of the Macocha Abyss (Moravian Karst, Czech Republic)

The invertebrates of the Macocha Abyss, Moravian Karst, Czech Republic, were collected in 2007–2008 and 222 species were identified in total. The relative abundance of individual taxa of land snails, harvestmen, pseudoscorpions, spiders, millipedes, centipedes, terrestrial isopods, beetles, and ants was evaluated. The cold-adapted mountain and subterranean species inhabit the bottom and lower part of the abyss, whereas the sun-exposed rocky margins were inhabited by thermophilous species. Macocha harbors several threatened species that are absent or very rare in the surrounding habitats. In the forest landscape, the Macocha Abyss represents a natural habitat with a distinct microclimatic gradient, and is an excellent refuge area for psychrophilous as well as thermophilous species, which significantly contributes to maintenance of landscape biodiversity.Key words: Ants, centipedes, beetles, biodiversity, harvestmen, land snails, light hole, millipedes, pseudoscorpions, terrestrial ispods, spiders.Nevretenčarji brezna Macoha (Moravski kras, Republika Češka)Med vzorčenjem v letih 2007 in 2008 smo v jami Macoha določili 222 vrst nevretenčarjev. Ovrednotili smo relativno pogostost posameznih taksonov polžev, suhih južin, paščipalcev, pajkov, stonog, kopenskih enakonožcev, hroščev in mravelj. Na mraz prilagojene gorske in podzemeljske vrste naseljujejo dno in spodnji del brezna, toploljubne vrste pa naseljujejo kamnite površine soncu izpostavljenega roba. V Macohi je več ogroženih vrst, ki jih sicer v okoliški pokrajini ne najdemo. Kot habitat s specifično mikroklimo je Macoha izjemno zatočišče za vlagoljubne in toploljubne vrste, ki pomembno prispevajo k vzdrževanju biotske raznovrstnosti v pokrajini.Ključne besede: Mravlje, stonoge, hrošči, suhe južine, kopenski polži, stonoge, psevdoškorpijoni, kopenski enakonožci, pajki, biotska raznovrstnost

Music and Emotions: Psychological Aspects with Regard to the Origin and Evolution of Music

Roman Mlejnek Music and Emotions: Psychological Aspects with Regard to the Origin and Evolution of Music Dissertation thesis Abstract Music and emotion is of deep interest in today's research in many different disciplines. This thesis summarizes contemporary knowledge of emotion and analyses music's related phenomena which could enlighten the importance of emotionality (sound, speech, play, movement). Interindividual differences are discussed mainly with regard to musicality. Selected problems (especially from music aesthetics and music theory) are commented from the point of view of contemporary psychology. In the first place, this thesis notices common psychological mechanisms working in music of different types, times and cultures. Special consideration is devoted to the question of the origins of music and it's evolutionary basis. The thesis includes two empirical studies based on questionnaire surveys. The first one explores Janáček's collection of speech melodies with regard to it's potential as research stimuli for research in music and speech. The second one deals with physically experienced reactions and is focussed on musicians and their differences to non- musicians. Key words: music, emotion, origins of musi

Physically Experienced Reactions and Music : A Questionnaire Study of Musicians and Non-Musicians

Studying physically experienced reactions such as chills, tears, and racing heart (sometimes generally referred to as thrills) represents an important approach to music and emotion. A questionnaire study methodologically based on Sloboda's influential article (1991) partly confirms the results but disagrees with them in some findings. More frequent physical reactions during music listening in women reported by previous studies were confirmed only for respondents older that 30 in thisstudy. In partial accordance with some of previous studies, more frequent physical reactions in professional musicians than in amateur musicians and non-musicians were found and goose-pimples and chills appeared to be the two most frequent reactions. Another study based on modified questionnaire was focused on musicians only and aimed at the difference between thrills experienced during listening to music and during music-making. The results show that for some musicians these two situations represent similar experiences (with regard to the reactions), while for most musicians the two situations are quite diverse. These results suggest that musicians' reports about chills and similar reactions may be influenced by their experience during performance. This contamination of questionnaire responses can be to a certain extent based on reactions connected to stage fright. The highly consistent frequency of occurrence of different examined reactions, and language nuances are discussed

Emotion in music

Relationship between music and emotion has recently become one of the major subjects of music psychology. In this paper, an overview of the most important topics in the field is given. Our own empirical findings are presented also. First, the historical and uptodate multidisciplinary perspectives are discussed. The concept of musical emotion is explained with regard to general concepts of emotion and usual musicrelated discourse. Considerable part of the study deals with different kinds of sources of emotion in music. Also, strong emotional responses to music (including the phenomenon of chills) and biological perspectives on music and emotion are mentioned and two complex models of emotional response to music are shortly described. Our own results of an investigation using an adapted questionaire conserning chills and other physical reactions show the importance of research in the field of strong emotional and physical responses to music. A supplementary methodological probe of measuring electrodermal activity during listening to music is presented