Tally and Manipulative representations: The First Steps of Statistical Literacy

Los procesos estadísticos comienzan con la selección de la variable de estudio y la recogida de los datos. Para organizar los datos recogidos es esencial llevar a cabo un recuento de los valores observados. En este artículo se propone una aproximación al recuento mediante el análisis de las categorías observadas y se discuten distintas técnicas de recuento, sus formas de representación manipulativa o pictórica y su conexión con las tablas de frecuencias. Por último, se refiere un experimento didáctico llevado a cabo con estudiantes para maestros sobre el manejo de las representaciones manipulativas de los recuentos como paso previo a las gráficas estadísticas manipulativas.Statistical processes start with selecting the studied variable and collecting data. For organizing data, it is essential to carry out the tally of the observed values. In this paper, an approach based on the observed categories is considered, and different manipulative and pictorial strategies for the tally are analyzed, as well as their connection with frequency tables. Finally, an experience with pre-service teachers consisting of using manipulative charts of tallies as a previous step to statistical manipulative graphs is presented

La retroalimentación: uno de los factores de mayor influencia durante los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje

La retroalimentación es uno de los factores de mayor influencia durante los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje, si bien no todas las formas de retroalimentación tienen la misma efectividad. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar técnicas y herramientas para retroalimentar los logros del alumnado en el aprendizaje de las matemáticas y analizar su influencia sobre el rendimiento académico, identificando posibles dificultades durante su implementación en el aula. Para ello se realizó, en primer lugar, una revisión de la literatura. A continuación, se analizó la experiencia de estudiantes y docentes a la hora de emplear algunas de estas formas de retroalimentación. La revisión llevada a cabo permite observar que la retroalimentación generada por medio de un dispositivo electrónico es una de las formas más investigadas y utilizadas hoy en día. Si bien el rendimiento académico no mejora significativamente en comparación con la retroalimentación proporcionada por medios convencionales, el enfoque digitalizado proporciona otras ventajas. En cuanto a la evaluación formativa, la variabilidad de metodologías y herramientas influye de diferente manera tanto en el rendimiento académico como en la motivación. Por otro lado, la retroalimentación descriptiva destaca por su gran influencia sobre el rendimiento académico en la resolución de problemas matemáticos

Association of the KDIGO Risk Classification with the Prevalence of Heart Failure in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

[Abstract] The objectives of this study were to determine the main characteristics associated with the presence of heart failure (HF) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and specifically to assess the association of the risk classification proposed by the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines with HF. The DIABET-IC study is a multicentre, observational, prospective and analytical study in T2DM patients recruited in Spanish hospitals. This work, which features a cross-sectional design, has been conducted with the data obtained at the inclusion visit. The main dependent variable analysed was the presence of HF. The predictive variables evaluated were the demography, clinic, laboratory testing (including natriuretic peptides) and echocardiography. Patients were classified according to the number of vascular territories with atherosclerotic involvement and the KDIGO risk category. Multivariate logistic regression models were performed to determine the risk posed by the various baseline variables to present HF at the time of study inclusion. The study included 1517 patients from 58 hospitals, with a mean age of 67.3 (standard deviation (SD): 10) years, out of which 33% were women. The mean DM duration was 14 (SD: 11) years. The prevalence of HF was 37%. In a multivariate analysis, the independent predictors of HF were increased age (odds ratio (OR) per 1 year = 1.02; p = 0.006), decreased systolic blood pressure (OR per 1 mmHg = 0.98; p 1 territory = 2.39; p = 0.02 and p < 0.001 respectively) and the KDIGO risk classification (high-risk OR = 2.46 and very high-risk OR = 3.39; p < 0.001 for both). The KDIGO risk classification is useful to screen for the presence of HF in T2DM patients. Therefore, we believe that it is necessary to carry out a systematic screening for HF in the high- and very high-risk KDIGO categories.This research was funded by the Spanish Society of Diabetes (SED) and the Spanish Society of Cardiology (SEC

Characteristics of women with type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure in Spain: the DIABET-IC study

[Abstract] Background: Heart failure (HF) is the second most common initial presentation of cardiovascular disease in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM carries an increased risk of HF in women. The aim of this study is to analyze the clinical characteristics and the treatment received by women with HF and T2DM in Spain. Methods: The DIABET-IC study included 1517 patients with T2DM in 2018–2019 in Spain, in 30 centers, which included the first 20 patients with T2DM seen in cardiology and endocrinology clinics. They underwent clinical evaluation, echocardiography, and analysis, with a 3-year follow-up. Baseline data are presented in this study. Results: 1517 patients were included (501 women; aged 67.28 ± 10.06 years). Women were older (68.81 ± 9.90 vs. 66.53 ± 10.06 years; p < 0.001) and had a lower frequency of a history of coronary disease. There was a history of HF in 554 patients, which was more frequent in women (38.04% vs. 32.86%; p < 0.001), and preserved ejection fraction being more frequent in them (16.12% vs. 9.00%; p < 0.001). There were 240 patients with reduced ejection fraction. Women less frequently received treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (26.20% vs. 36.79%), neprilysin inhibitors (6.00% vs. 13.51%), mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (17.40% vs. 23.08%), beta-blockers (52.40% vs. 61.44%), and ivabradine (3.60% vs. 7.10%) (p < 0.001 for all), and 58% received guideline-directed medical therapy. Conclusions: A selected cohort with HF and T2DM attending cardiology and endocrinology clinics did not receive optimal treatment, and this finding was more pronounced in women

How to establish connections between specialized knowledge and mathematics teachers’ beliefs?

Este trabajo describe cómo establecer relaciones entre los subdominios del modelo de conocimiento especializado del profesor de matemáticas (MTSK) y las concepciones del profesorado de matemáticas, según el modelo concepciones de enseñanza-aprendizaje de las matemáticas (CEAM). Se presenta una metodología para identificar y analizar estas relaciones, que ha permitido comprender la práctica en el aula de una maestra de 5º grado de primaria. Se aporta la descripción del indicador “concepción de la matemática escolar” y las relaciones establecidas al aplicar este método. Finalmente, se discute la potencialidad de uso del instrumento propuesto.This paper describes how to establish relationships between the subdomains of the Mathematics Teacher’s Specialised Knowledge model and the conceptions of the mathematics teaching, according to the Conceptions of Teaching-Learning Mathematics model. We present a methodology for identifying and analyzing these relationships, which has allowed to understand the practice in her classroom of one fifth grade primary teacher. As a result, the description of the indicator “conception of school mathematics” and the established relationships are provided. Finally, the potential use of the proposed instrument is discussed

¿Cómo establecer relaciones entre conocimiento especializado y concepciones del profesorado de matemáticas?

Este trabajo describe cómo establecer relaciones entre los subdominios del modelo de conocimiento especializado del profesor de matemáticas (MTSK) y las concepciones del profesorado de matemáticas, según el modelo concepciones de enseñanza-aprendizaje de las matemáticas (CEAM). Se presenta una metodología para identificar y analizar estas relaciones, que ha permitido comprender la práctica en el aula de una maestra de 5º grado de primaria. Se aporta la descripción del indicador “concepción de la matemática escolar” y las relaciones establecidas al aplicar este método. Finalmente, se discute la potencialidad de uso del instrumento propuesto

Asia1a, herramienta en línea para analizar el abandono universitario

L’abandonament acadèmic és un problema que preocupa a totes les universitats. A Espanya, les taxes d’abandonament oscil·len entre el 30 i el 50%, segons les dades de la Conferència de Rectors.  Per això, moltes institucions estudien les causes de l’abandonament i desenvolupen programes de retenció, sobretot dirigits als estudiants de nou ingrés, ja que nombrosos estudis confirmen que el percentatge més gran d’abandonament es concentra en el primer any de carrera.En aquest treball es presenta l’aplicació informàtica en línia ASIA1a i els resultats de la seva aplicació per trobar el diagnòstic del problema de l’abandonament de primer any en les titulacions de grau de la Universidad de Oviedo. L’ús d’ASIA1a ha permès detectar la nota d’accés i el rendiment acadèmic com a variables significatives i identificar les titulacions que requereixen una anàlisi més profunda. Com a conseqüència, el grau en Dret s’ha estudiat amb detall amb el paquet estadístic SPSS, identificant el nombre de crèdits superats el primer any com a principal predictor de la permanència. Es conclou que ASIA1a afavoreix la presa de decisions, per part de l’Administració Educativa, ja que permet l’avaluació sistemàtica de l’indicador de qualitat Taxa de permanència i de l’impacte sobre l’esmentat indicador dels programes de retenció implementats. Així mateix, permet identificar les variables amb major influència en l’abandonament i les titulacions que requereixen un seguiment més gran, assentant les bases per guiar l’acció orientadora i afavorint l’eficàcia de les intervencions realitzades en aquest sentit.All higher education institutions are concerned about dropout. In Spain, dropout rates fluctuate between 30 and 50%, according to data from the Spanish Universities Rectors Conference. Therefore, many universities perform studies to analyse its causes and develop retention programs, often fostering and counseling their freshmen, since numerous studies confirm that the highest dropout rates correspond to first-year students. This paper presents the online software ASIA1a and the results obtained by applying it in order to facilitate the diagnosis of the first-year dropout problem at the Oviedo University. Using ASIA1a, we have detected the score for access to university and academic achievement as significant variables and identified those degrees that require more in-depth diagnosis, therefore further analysis about Law degree have been implemented using SPSS statistical package, identifying the number of credits passed as the best predictor of student persistence. ASIA1a favors the decision-making process to be developed by the Educational Administration, in order to improve retention, with the systematic evaluation of the persistence rate, and the impact on this indicator of retention programs. Furthermore, it allows to identify the more relevant variables and those degrees that need further study, laying the foundation that should direct the student guiding actions and promoting the effectiveness of these interventions.El abandono académico es un problema que preocupa a todas las universidades. En España, las tasas de abandono oscilan entre el 30 y el 50%, según datos de la Conferencia de Rectores.  Por ello, muchas instituciones estudian las causas del abandono y desarrollan programas de retención, con frecuencia dirigidos a los estudiantes de nuevo ingreso, ya que numerosos estudios confirman que el mayor porcentaje de abandono se concentra en el primer año de carrera.En este trabajo se presenta la aplicación informática en línea ASIA1a y los resultados de su aplicación, para el diagnóstico del problema del abandono de primer año, en las titulaciones de grado de la Universidad de Oviedo.El uso de ASIA1a ha permitido detectar la nota de acceso y el rendimiento académico como variables significativas e identificar las titulaciones que requieren un análisis más profundo. Como consecuencia, el grado en Derecho ha sido estudiado en detalle, con el paquete estadístico SPSS, identificando el número de créditos superados el primer año como el mejor predictor de la permanencia.Se concluye que ASIA1a favorece la toma de decisiones, por parte de la Administración Educativa, ya que permite la evaluación sistemática del indicador de calidad Tasa de permanencia y del impacto sobre dicho indicador de los programas de retención implementados. Así mismo permite identificar las variables con mayor influencia en el abandono y las titulaciones que requieren un mayor seguimiento, sentando las bases para guiar la acción orientadora y favoreciendo la eficacia de las intervenciones realizadas en este sentido

Prevalence and incidence of heart failure in type 2 diabetes patients: results from a nationwide prospective cohort—the DIABET-IC study

Observational study[Abstract] Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients have an increased risk of heart failure (HF). There are limited data on the association between HF and T2D in specific healthcare settings. This study sought to analyse the prevalence and incidence of HF in a contemporary cohort of T2D patients attending cardiology and endocrinology outpatient clinics. Methods: We conducted an observational multicentre prospective study (DIABET-IC) that enrolled patients with a T2D diagnosis attending cardiology and endocrinology outpatient clinics in 30 centres in Spain between 2018 and 2019. The prevalence at the start of the study and the incidence of HF after a 3 year follow-up were calculated. HF was defined as the presence of typical symptoms and either: a) LVEF < 40%; or b) LVEF ≥ 40% with elevated natriuretic peptides and echocardiographic abnormalities. Results: A total of 1249 T2D patients were included in the present analysis (67.6 ± 10.1 years, 31.7% female). HF was present in 490 participants at baseline (prevalence 39.2%), 150 (30.6%) of whom had a preserved ejection fraction. The presence of adverse social determinants and chronic conditions such as chronic kidney disease and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease were more frequent in HF patients. During the study period, there were 58 new diagnoses of HF (incidence 7.6%) among those without baseline HF. The incidence rate was 3.0 per 100 person-years. Independent predictors of incident HF were smoking, left ventricular ejection fraction, NT-ProBNP, history of tachyarrhythmia and treatment with pioglitazone, oral anticoagulants, or diuretics. Despite an average suboptimal glycaemic control, the use of antidiabetic drugs with cardiovascular benefits was low (30.4% for sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and 12.5% for glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists). Conclusions: In this contemporary cohort of T2D patients attending cardiology and endocrinology outpatient clinics, the prevalence and incidence of HF were high, comorbidities were frequent, and the use of antidiabetic agents with cardiovascular benefit was low. Outpatient care seems to be a unique opportunity for a comprehensive T2D approach that encompasses HF prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.R. González-Manzanares holds a Río Hortega contract from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CM22/00259)

Heart transplantation using allografts from older donors: multicenter study results

33rd Annual Meeting and Scientific Session of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation, April 24–27, 2013, Montreal, Canada.[Abstract] Background. The lengthy waiting time for heart transplantation is associated with high mortality. To increase the number of donors, new strategies have emerged, including the use of hearts from donors ≥50 years old. However, this practice remains controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate outcomes of patients receiving heart transplants from older donors. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed 2,102 consecutive heart transplants in 8 Spanish hospitals from 1998 to 2010. Acute and overall mortality were compared in patients with grafts from donors ≥50 years old versus grafts from younger donors. Results. There were 1,758 (84%) transplanted grafts from donors < 50 years old (Group I) and 344 (16%) from donors ≥50 years old (Group II). Group I had more male donors than Group II (71% vs 57%, p = 0.0001). The incidence of cardiovascular risk factors was higher in older donors. There were no differences in acute mortality or acute rejection episodes between the 2 groups. Global mortality was higher in Group II (rate ratio, 1.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.18–1.67; p = 0.001) than in Group I. After adjusting for donor cause of death, donor smoking history, recipient age, induction therapy, and cyclosporine therapy, the differences lost significance. Group II had a higher incidence of coronary allograft vasculopathy at 5 years (rate ratio, 1.67; 95% confidence interval, 1.22–2.27; p = 0.001). Conclusions. There were no differences in acute and overall mortality after adjusting for confounding factors. However, there was a midterm increased risk of coronary allograft vasculopathy with the use of older donors. Careful selection of recipients and close monitoring of coronary allograft vasculopathy are warranted in these patients.Instituto de Salud Carlos III; RD12/0042/00