Malaria en España: aspectos entomológicos y perspectivas de futuro

Rubén Bueno Marí ([email protected]) y Ricardo Jiménez Peydró ([email protected])La malaria fue erradicada de España oficialmente en 1964. Sin embargo, en la actualidad en nuestro país se registran anualmente cientos de casos importados. En este sentido, el estudio del vector se postula de gran importancia para inferir posibles escenarios de transmisión, ya sea de tipo esporádico o regular. Si bien el nivel socio-económico del país no parece secundar una posible reemergencia de la enfermedad a corto o medio plazo, la presencia de poblaciones de anofelinos bien establecidas y gametocitos de plasmodios circulando entre cierto porcentaje de la población humana parecen avalar, con suficiente crédito, el mantenimiento del estado de vigilancia epidemiológica. Además, la globalización de mercados y el emergente proceso de cambio climático, pueden permitir la colonización de nuestro territorio por parte de especies de Anopheles transmisoras de plasmodiosis humana en regiones tropicales y subtropicales. Con el objetivo de profundizar en el conocimiento de la riqueza faunística, distribución espacial y bioecología de los culícidos anofelinos, se llevaron a cabo diversos muestreos larvarios intensivos la Comunidad Valenciana, región con suficiente heterogeneidad hídrica y datos históricos de prevalencia palúdica, como para respaldar su elección. Cinco especies del género Anopheles, con distinta trascendencia en la difusión de la enfermedad, fueron identificadas.Malaria was officially eradicated in Spain in 1964. However, at the present time, hundreds of imported cases are registered in our country each year. In this context, the study of the vector is seen to be highly significant in order to infer possible transmission scenarios, whether of a sporadic or a regular nature. Although the socio-economic level of the country does not appear to foreshadow the possible re-emergence of the disease in the short and medium term, the presence of well-established populations of anophelini and plasmodium gametocytes circulating in a certain percentage of the human population does appear to warrant the continuation of the current status of epidemiological surveillance. Moreover, the globalisation of markets and the emerging process of climate change could enable the colonisation of our territory by part of the Anopheles species that transmit human plasmodiosis in tropical and subtropical regions. In order to obtain a more thorough knowledge of the range of fauna, spatial distribution and bioecology of the anopheline Culicoides, a number of intensive larval samplings were taken in the Community of Valencia, a region with sufficient surface water heterogeneity and historical data of malaria prevalence to substantiate the decision to choose it for this study. Five species of the Anopheles genus, with varying degrees of impact in the dissemination of the disease, were identified

Pseudonapomyza benifassae sp. n. (Diptera: Agromyzidae), a new species from Eastern Spain

Systematic and ecological aspects of a new species Pseudonapomyza benifassae Gil-Ortiz sp. n. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) from Spain, are given. A study of faunistic data of European Pseudonapomyza is made. P. palliditarsis Černý is recorded for the first time in Spain

Differences in mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) biodiversity across varying climates and land-use categories in Eastern Spain

Intensive larval samplings of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) were carried out between 2005 and 2008 in several biotopes located in a varying climate region in Eastern Spain. The biodiversity was analyzed and divided into alpha, beta and gamma components with the aim of comparing the mosquito biodiversity according to the different structure of the landscape due to the incidence of climatic and anthropic patterns. Likewise the synanthropic index of Nuorteva was calculated for each species. A total of 11,279 mosquitoes belonging to 29 species was collected and identified. Mosquito biodiversity is higher in the wettest and nonanthropized areas. Using a cluster analysis, all this information was also used to group the different regions studied depending on its mosquito fauna. Moreover the re-emergence of antroponosis, like malaria, seems unlikely given the low values of the synanthropic index for the anophelines captured

Current situation and historical evolution of the study and research of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Spain. A tale of bleeding bites

The black flies are nematocerous dipterans belonging to the Simuliidae family. This group of insects has become highly relevant in certain regions of the country since 1995. These insects, considered typical in natural lotic environments of clean fresh water, have colonized water channels of very different dimensions. They are currently present in most of the water courses around the country, as demonstrated in the Valencian Autonomous Region, where they can be found in headwaters, middle stretches and river mouths, as well as in irrigation systems with greater or lesser water permanence, such as irrigation reservoirs, channels and ditches. Since 2017 different regions of the country have increasingly suffered the discomforts characteristic of this arthropod, whose females cause serious damage to the human population with their bites. In this paper is studied deeply the current situation and historical evolution of the study and research of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Spain. Making special emphasis on publications as well as on oral and posters communications carried out about this important arthropod informing about the timeline and of the different and diverse issues studied

Health risks of Simulium (Boophthora) erythrocephalum (De Geer, 1776) in the Valencian Autonomous Region, Eastern Spain

The presence and distribution of Simulium erythrocephalum (De Geer, 1776) in the Valencian Autonomous Region is analyzed, an arthropod of medical-sanitary importance due to the marked anthropophilic characteristics exhibited and the tendency to carry out massive attacks. The increasing incidence registered in certain areas as a consequence of their hematophagy, and the meager availability of epidemiological, fauna, bioecological, and distribution data, have led to this study. A field study of 137 samplings was carried out from 2013 to the present in the 14 hydrographic basins of the Valencian Autonomous Region. The study variables were the presence or absence of preimaginal states, environmental and physical-chemical parameters of the water, bite data from the Generalitat Valenciana, population density and incidence of bites by municipality, and geographic location of the population areas. A scarce and reduced presence of the aforementioned species is revealed in the study area. Risk maps of human populations near the detected breeding areas are provided, and the epidemiological interest is discussed due to its vector capacity to transmit pathogens that cause disease. The number of bites registered between 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018 in the seven health departments involved is provided. The general trend toward an increase in the number of cases is observed year after year, where the highest peaks in the number of cases coincide with the months of June, July, and August, and eventually, September and October. Surveillance and control programs to minimize the problem in the Spanish health system are needed

El control de los roedores: revisión de los rodenticidas registrados en el ámbito de la sanidad ambiental en España

Josefa Moreno Marí, Jesús López Ferrer y Ricardo Jiménez Peydró josefa ([email protected])Actualmente se precisa del empleo de los llamados rodenticidas, definidos como productos biocidas empleados para el control de roedores. En la reciente transposición de la Directiva de Biocidas a través del Real Decreto 1054/2002, los rodenticidas se incluyen en el Grupo Principal 3, Tipo de Producto 14. Se analiza la situación actual de los rodenticidas en el Registro Oficial de Plaguicidas. El estudio se ha realizado a partir de los datos que figuran en la base de datos del Registro Oficial de Plaguicidas de Uso en Salud Pública de España para los rodenticidas (ingredientes activos técnicos) y formulados). De los 11 ingredientes activos técnicos rodenticidas registrados, 9 son anticoagulantes, 1 tiene acción sedativa y 1 produce hipercalcemia. De los 416 formulados, 412 presentan algún anticoagulante: un 87,4% son derivados cumarínicos, mientras que el 12,6% son derivados indandiónicos. El 94,2% de los productos se formulan como sólidos y se clasifican como nocivos. No se precisan aspectos como la eficacia sobre las distintas especies susceptibles o el tipo de acción. Del análisis realizado destaca el elevado número de formulados registrados en España en comparación con otros países. De las consecuencias que cabe esperar de la transposición de la Directiva 98/8/EC, destacaremos la reducción en el número y tipo de rodenticidas que se registren y una mayor precisión en relación con la eficacia, el tipo de acción, la composición (atrayentes) y el tipo de formulación.The use of what are known as «rodenticides», defined as biocides used for rodent control, is currently required. In the recent transposition of the Biocide Directive by way of Royal Decree 1054/2002, rodenticides are included under Main Group 3, Product Type 14. The current status of rodenticides in the Official Pesticide Registry is analyzed. This study has been conducted based on the data in the database of the Spain's Official Registry of Pesticides for Use in Public Health for rodentcides (technical and formulated active ingredients). Nine (9) of the technical active ingredients registered are anticoagulants, one (1) has a sedative effect and one (1) causes hypercalcemia. A total of 412 of the 416 formulated rodentcides include some anticoagulant (87.4% are coumarin derivatives, while 12.6% are indandione derivatives). A total 94.2% of these products are formulated as solids and are classified as slightly or moderately hazardous. Aspects such as effectiveness on the different species or the type of effect are not required. Based on the analysis conducted, the one outstanding aspect revealed is large number of formulated rodenticides registered in Spain in comparison to other countries. One of the major consequences which may be anticipated from the transposition of EC Directive 98/9/EC, is the reduction in the number and type of rodenticides which are registered and a greater degree of accuracy as to their effectiveness, the type of effect, the composition (baiting) and the type of formulation

Factores desencadenantes del perjuicio de los simúlidos

El incremento de los daños causados por los dípteros simúlidos, desde finales de la década de los 90, ha suscitado un interés especial en el estudio de este grupo de dípteros en nuestro país. Además de la importancia de los estudios faunísticos, para conocer las especies presentes en nuestros hábitats, resulta de interés conocer otros aspectos ligados a la incidencia de sus ataques tanto al ser humano como a las especies animales de interés veterinario. La revisión del estado actual de la familia Simuliidae en España ha permitido la confección del listado de las 52 especies presentes y sus mapas de distribución. Se han llevado a cabo estudios de eficacia de tratamientos biológicos, así como elaborado mapas de riesgo de algunas especies hematófagas de importancia sanitaria y/o veterinaria. La bioecología de las especies ha permitido establecer de forma detallada los óptimos y tolerancias de las variables abióticas y bióticas que determinan sus hábitats

Fatores desencadeadores de danos por simuliídeos

The increase in damage caused by simuliid blackflies since the end of the 1990s has aroused special interest in the study of this group of diptera in our country. In addition to the importance of fauna studies, in order to know the species present in our habitats, it is of interest to know other aspects related to the incidence of their attacks on both human beings and animal species of veterinary interest. The review of the current status of the Simuliidae family in Spain has allowed the list of the 52 species present and their distribution maps to be compiled. Efficacy studies of biological treatments have been carried out, as well as risk maps of some hematophagous species of sanitary and/or veterinary importance. The bioecology of the species has made it possible to establish in detail the optimal and tolerances of the abiotic and biotic variables that determine their habitats.El incremento de los daños causados por los dípteros simúlidos, desde finales de la década de los 90, ha suscitado un interés especial en el estudio de este grupo de dípteros en nuestro país. Además de la importancia de los estudios faunísticos, para conocer las especies presentes en nuestros hábitats, resulta de interés conocer otros aspectos ligados a la incidencia de sus ataques tanto al ser humano como a las especies animales de interés veterinario. La revisión del estado actual de la familia Simuliidae en España ha permitido la confección del listado de las 52 especies presentes y sus mapas de distribución. Se han llevado a cabo estudios de eficacia de tratamientos biológicos, así como elaborado mapas de riesgo de algunas especies hematófagas de importancia sanitaria y/o veterinaria. La bioecología de las especies ha permitido establecer de forma detallada los óptimos y tolerancias de las variables abióticas y bióticas que determinan sus hábitats.O aumento dos danos causados por dípteros simuliídeos, desde o final da década de 90, tem despertado um especial interesse no estudo desse grupo de dípteros em nosso país. Além da importância dos estudos de fauna, para conhecer as espécies presentes em nossos habitats, é interessante conhecer outros aspetos relacionados com incidência dos seus ataques, quer a seres humanos quer a espécies animais de interesse veterinário. A revisão do estado atual da família Simuliidae na Espanha permitiu a elaboração de uma listagem das 52 espécies presentes e dos seus mapas de distribuição. Têm sido realizados estudos de eficácia de tratamentos biológicos, bem como mapas de risco de algumas espécies hematófagas de importância sanitária e/ou veterinária. A bioecologia das espécies tornou possível estabelecer em detalhe os ótimos e as tolerâncias das variáveis abióticas e bióticas que determinam os seus habitats