Factores etiológicos de la conducta desviada en México. Un análisis desde la Criminología

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar los factores que influyen en el fenómeno del comportamiento desviado desde la perspectiva de la Criminología. A partir del Método de la Investigación Documental Argumentativa, se examinan los enfoques sociales etiológicos de la criminalidad, de naturaleza múltiple, que desencadenan conductas antisociales. Se concluye que las políticas públicas y las acciones del gobierno en distintos ámbitos no han podido disminuir la delincuencia. La crisis económica, la inestabilidad política, la intensificación de las desigualdades, la progresiva desaparición de valores, la desintegración familiar, así como el dinamismo de los procesos de urbanización, crecimiento demográfico, globalización, tecnología, desempleo, explotación salarial, pobreza, exclusión y lucha por la educación constituyen causas suficientes para producir y reproducir el comportamiento desviado

A review of the recent records of pinnipeds (Mammalia, Carnivora) on the coast of Espírito Santo state, Brazil

To improve the knowledge of the occurrence of pinnipeds along the coast of Espírito Santo state, Brazil, we compiled occurrence data of pinnipeds from the period from 1987 to 2010 based on the scientific literature, newspapers and novel observations. Twenty-two records were found, which correspond to three species: South American Fur Seal (Arctocephalus australis), Subantarctic Fur Seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis), and Southern Elephant Seal (Mirounga leonina). All records of pinnipeds are limited to the state’s southern coast (south of 20˚07ʹ S), which is consistent with the southern origin of these vagrant individuals. However, there may be bias due to the larger human population density in that region and the greater likelihood of observation. All records for which the date is known occurred during June to September, the austral winter. These records demonstrate that although the Espírito Santo coast is more than 2,000 km north from the nearest breeding colony of these species, it may still serve as wintering grounds for vagrant pinnipeds

Epidemiology and molecular phylogeny of Babesia sp. in Little Penguins Eudyptula minor in Australia

Blood parasites are potential threats to the health of penguins and to their conservation and management. Little penguins Eudyptula minor are native to Australia and New Zealand, and are susceptible to piroplasmids (Babesia), hemosporidians (Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, Plasmodium) and kinetoplastids (Trypanosoma). We studied a total of 263 wild little penguins at 20 sites along the Australian southeastern coast, in addition to 16 captive-bred little penguins. Babesia sp. was identified in seven wild little penguins, with positive individuals recorded in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. True prevalence was estimated between 3.4% and 4.5%. Only round forms of the parasite were observed, and gene sequencing confirmed the identity of the parasite and demonstrated it is closely related to Babesia poelea from boobies (Sula spp.) and B. uriae from murres (Uria aalge). None of the Babesia-positive penguins presented signs of disease, confirming earlier suggestions that chronic infections by these parasites are not substantially problematic to otherwise healthy little penguins. We searched also for kinetoplastids, and despite targeted sampling of little penguins near the location where Trypanosoma eudyptulae was originally reported, this parasite was not detected

Avian influenza virus (H11N9) in migratory shorebirds wintering in the Amazon region, Brazil

Aquatic birds are the natural reservoir for avian influenza viruses (AIV). Habitats in Brazil provide stopover and wintering sites for water birds that migrate between North and South America. The current study was conducted to elucidate the possibility of the transport of influenza A viruses by birds that migrate annually between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. In total, 556 orotracheal/cloacal swab samples were collected for influenza A virus screening using real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR). The influenza A virus-positive samples were subjected to viral isolation. Four samples were positive for the influenza A matrix gene by rRT-PCR. From these samples, three viruses were isolated, sequenced and characterized. All positive samples originated from a single bird species, the ruddy turnstone (Arenaria interpres), that was caught in the Amazon region at Caeté Bay, Northeast Pará, at Ilha de Canelas. To our knowledge, this is the first isolation of H11N9 in the ruddy turnstone in South America. (Résumé d'auteur

A prospective international multi-center study on safety and efficacy of deep brain stimulation for resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been proposed for severe, chronic, treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients. Although serious adverse events can occur, only a few studies report on the safety profile of DBS for psychiatric disorders. In a prospective, open-label, interventional multi-center study, we examined the safety and efficacy of electrical stimulation in 30 patients with DBS electrodes bilaterally implanted in the anterior limb of the internal capsule. Safety, efficacy, and functionality assessments were performed at 3, 6, and 12 months post implant. An independent Clinical Events Committee classified and coded all adverse events (AEs) according to EN ISO14155:2011. All patients experienced AEs (195 in total), with the majority of these being mild (52% of all AEs) or moderate (37%). Median time to resolution was 22 days for all AEs and the etiology with the highest AE incidence was 'programming/stimulation' (in 26 patients), followed by 'New illness, injury, condition' (13 patients) and 'pre-existing condition, worsening or exacerbation' (11 patients). Sixteen patients reported a total of 36 serious AEs (eight of them in one single patient), mainly transient anxiety and affective symptoms worsening (20 SAEs). Regarding efficacy measures, Y-BOCS reduction was 42% at 12 months and the responder rate was 60%. Improvements in GAF, CGI, and EuroQol-5D index scores were also observed. In sum, although some severe AEs occurred, most AEs were mild or moderate, transient and related to programming/stimulation and tended to resolve by adjustment of stimulation. In a severely treatment-resistant population, this open-label study supports that the potential benefits outweigh the potential risks of DBS

Peptides ToAP3 and ToAP4 decrease release of inflammatory cytokines through TLR-4 blocking

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small molecules with microbicidal and immunoregulatory activities. In this study we evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of peptides ToAP3 and ToAP4, AMPs from the venom of the Brazilian scorpion Tityus obscurus. To test the peptides’ activity, murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) or dendritic cells (BMDCs) were stimulated with peptides plus LPS to analyze their ability to modulate cytokine release as well as phenotypic markers. For antimicrobial analysis, we evaluated the indirect activity against macrophage-internalized Cryptococcus neoformans and direct activity against Mycobacterium massiliense. Our data demonstrate that they were able to reduce TNF-α and IL-1β transcript levels and protein levels for BMDM and BMDC. Furthermore, the reduction of TNF-α secretion, before LPS- inflammatory stimuli, is associated with peptide interaction with TLR-4. ToAP4 increased MHC-II expression in BMDC, while ToAP3 decreased co-stimulatory molecules such as CD80 and CD86. Although these peptides were able to modulate the production of cytokines and molecules associated with antigen presentation, they did not increase the ability of clearance of C. neoformans by macrophages. In antimicrobial analysis, only ToAP3 showed potent action against bacteria. Altogether, these results demonstrate a promising target for the development of new immunomodulatory and anti-bacterial therapies

DESINFORMAÇÃO, SAÚDE PÚBLICA E IMUNIZAÇÃO NO BRASIL: OS EFEITOS DA EDUCAÇÃO POPULAR EM SAÚDE

Vaccine immunization is considered a true milestone in public health by contributing to the reduction, protection and prevention of numerous communicable diseases and in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic it is no different. Therefore, the present study aimed to present the educational actions that have popular health education as a reference, which were used in favor of adherence to vaccination in Brazil, and that are cited in the scientific literature. For this, a systematic review of scientific literature was carried out, using descriptors and search strategies: "Health Education AND COVID-19 Vaccines" and "Health Education AND Immunization", in the online databases Virtual Health Library (VHL) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) - with the filters "Brazil", and publications from 2020, until December 2021, in the languages "Portuguese", "English" and "Spanish" and "article". The results point to different strategies of popular health education (HPS), such as: (i) conversation wheels in public health services; (ii) messages and electronic journals forwarded to SUS users by Primary Health Care; (iii) explanatory videos forwarded by public schools; and (iv) posters made available in public buildings in different municipalities. It is concluded that dialogical HPS contributes to the intellectual emancipation of citizens, making them able to decide about themselves, safely, when facing health situations.La inmunización contra la vacunación se considera un verdadero hito en la salud pública al contribuir a la reducción, protección y prevención de numerosas enfermedades transmisibles y, en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19, no es diferente. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo presentar las acciones educativas que tienen como referencia a la educación popular en salud, que se utilizaron a favor de la adhesión a la vacunación en Brasil, y que se mencionan en la literatura científica. Para ello, se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica, utilizando descriptores y estrategias de búsqueda: "Educación en Salud Y Vacunas contra el COVID-19" y "Educación en Salud E Inmunización", en las bases de datos en línea Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS) y Biblioteca Científica Electrónica en Línea (SciELO) - con los filtros "Brasil", y publicaciones de 2020, para diciembre de 2021, en los idiomas "portugués", "inglés" y "español" y "artículo". Los resultados apuntan a diferentes estrategias de educación popular en salud (PHE), tales como: (i) ruedas de conversación en los servicios públicos de salud; (ii) mensajes electrónicos y periódicos enviados a los usuarios del SUS por atención primaria de salud; iii) vídeos explicativos remitidos por las escuelas públicas; y (iv) carteles disponibles en edificios públicos de diferentes municipios. Se concluye que la PHE dialógica contribuye a la emancipación intelectual del ciudadano, haciéndolo capaz de decidir sobre sí mismo, con seguridad, frente a situaciones de salud.A imunização vacinal é considerada um verdadeiro marco na saúde pública ao contribuir para a redução, proteção e prevenção de inúmeras doenças transmissíveis e no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19 não é diferente. Por isso, o presente trabalho objetivou apresentar as ações educativas que têm por referência a educação popular em saúde, que foram utilizadas a favor da adesão à vacinação, no Brasil, e que estão citadas na literatura científica. Para isso, foi feita revisão sistemática da literatura científica, com a utilização de descritores e estratégias de busca: “Educação em Saúde AND Vacinas contra COVID-19" e “Educação em Saúde AND Imunização", nas bases de dados on-line Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) e Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) - com os filtros “Brasil”, e publicações a partir de 2020, até dezembro de 2021, nos idiomas “português”, “inglês” e “espanhol” e “artigo”. Os resultados apontam para diferentes estratégias de educação popular em saúde (EPS), tais como: (i) rodas de conversa em serviços de saúde públicos; (ii) mensagens e jornais eletrônicos encaminhados aos usuários do SUS pela Atenção Primária à Saúde; (iii) vídeos explicativos encaminhados pelas escolas públicas; e (iv) cartazes disponibilizados em prédios públicos em diferentes municípios. Conclui-se que a EPS dialógica contribui para a emancipação intelectual do cidadão, tornando-o capaz de decidir sobre si mesmo, com segurança, diante das situações de saúde.A imunização vacinal é considerada um verdadeiro marco na saúde pública ao contribuir para a redução, proteção e prevenção de inúmeras doenças transmissíveis e no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19 não é diferente. Por isso, o presente trabalho objetivou apresentar as ações educativas que têm por referência a educação popular em saúde, que foram utilizadas a favor da adesão à vacinação, no Brasil, e que estão citadas na literatura científica. Para isso, foi feita revisão sistemática da literatura científica, com a utilização de descritores e estratégias de busca: “Educação em Saúde AND Vacinas contra COVID-19" e “Educação em Saúde AND Imunização", nas bases de dados on-line Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) e Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) - com os filtros “Brasil”, e publicações a partir de 2020, até dezembro de 2021, nos idiomas “português”, “inglês” e “espanhol” e “artigo”. Os resultados apontam para diferentes estratégias de educação popular em saúde (EPS), tais como: (i) rodas de conversa em serviços de saúde públicos; (ii) mensagens e jornais eletrônicos encaminhados aos usuários do SUS pela Atenção Primária à Saúde; (iii) vídeos explicativos encaminhados pelas escolas públicas; e (iv) cartazes disponibilizados em prédios públicos em diferentes municípios. Conclui-se que a EPS dialógica contribui para a emancipação intelectual do cidadão, tornando-o capaz de decidir sobre si mesmo, com segurança, diante das situações de saúde

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are grounded in the global ambition of “leaving no one behind”. Understanding today’s gains and gaps for the health-related SDGs is essential for decision makers as they aim to improve the health of populations. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016), we measured 37 of the 50 health-related SDG indicators over the period 1990–2016 for 188 countries, and then on the basis of these past trends, we projected indicators to 2030

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

As mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016