15 research outputs found

    Accumulation et effets des éléments métalliques sur les populations végétales spontanées de trois crassiers métallurgiques : peut-on utiliser les plantes comme bioindicateurs ?

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    National audienceThe actual risk of metals doesn't depend on their total concentrations, but rather on their bioavailability and own toxicity, it is important to get suitable tools for evaluating bioavailability and ecological effects of metals in situ. In this context, characterization of bioindicators of soil quality is a challenging issue. In this work, we hypothesized that plants colonizing metal-contaminated soils could be an efficient tool to assess both the bioavailability of metals, and their effect on local ecosystem. To check this hypothesis, we studied spontaneous vegetation colonizing three metallurgical landfills characterised by different total and extractible heavy metals fractions (Table 1), both in terms of metal accumulation in leaves and of phytosociological associations. Results (Tables 2 and 3) showed that for two out of the three studied sites, leaf metals in native plants were closely comparable to normal concentrations found in plants growing in uncontaminated soil, while for the third site average levels in Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were significantly higher. Thus, measurements of leaf metals clearly discriminated the studied sites, with respect to actual metal phytoavailability. Botanical survey of the three study sites showed that the vegetation was quite normal, with common species, their associations were unusual and, among the four major plant groups we identified, three of them had never been described. This suggested that metallurgical soils had an effect on the structure of plant communities independently from metal bioavailability. These overall results show that beside soil analyses, plants can provide additional indications regarding both the effects and potential mobility of pollutants.Il est aujourd'hui important de disposer d'outils efficaces pour Ă©valuer la biodisponibilitĂ© et les effets Ă©cologiques des Ă©lĂ©ments mĂ©talliques des sols polluĂ©s. Dans ce contexte, la caractĂ©risation de bioindicateurs de la qualitĂ© des sols reprĂ©sente un enjeu important. Pour rĂ©pondre Ă  cet objectif, nous proposons d'Ă©tudier l'accumulation foliaire et les associations vĂ©gĂ©tales de la flore spontanĂ©e. Trois sites contaminĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s. Sur deux d'entre eux, les concentrations mĂ©talliques (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb et Zn) mesurĂ©es dans les plantes sont comparables Ă  celles de la vĂ©gĂ©tation se dĂ©veloppant en milieu naturel non contaminĂ©. Pour le troisiĂšme, ces concentrations sont significativement supĂ©rieures. De plus, ces analyses ont permis de diffĂ©rencier clairement les sites au regard de la phytodisponibilitĂ© des mĂ©taux. L'Ă©tude botanique des sites contaminĂ©s indique que si la vĂ©gĂ©tation paraĂźt normale, avec beaucoup d'espĂšces communes, les quatre associations vĂ©gĂ©tales identifiĂ©es sont nĂ©anmoins particuliĂšres, voire inĂ©dites pour trois d'entre elles. Cette observation suggĂšre que le substrat, indĂ©pendamment de la mobilitĂ© des mĂ©taux, a un effet sur la structure des communautĂ©s vĂ©gĂ©tales. L'ensemble de ces rĂ©sultats montre que l'analyse classique de sol, peut ĂȘtre avantageusement complĂ©tĂ©e par des analyses de la vĂ©gĂ©tation au regard de l'estimation de la biodisponibilitĂ© des Ă©lĂ©ments mĂ©talliques et de leurs effets

    Are plants useful as accumulation indicators of metal bioavailability?

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    International audienceThe use of accumulation bioindicator to assess metal bioavailability has mainly concerned individual species. This work addresses this issue at the plant community level. Metal content within different species from plant communities found at three contaminated and one uncontaminated site was compared. Results showed that for two contaminated sites, leaf metals concentrations were comparable to those in plants from control site, i.e. approx (mg/kg) 0.1 Cd, 0.2 Cr, 9.2 Cu, 1.8 Ni, 0.5 Pb and 42 Zn. Only plants from the third site showed higher metal contents, ranging from 1.5- to 8-fold those of the control community. This contrasted with ammonium acetate-EDTA extractions, which indicated a very high "availability" of metals at the three sites, as compared to the control site. Thus, metal content in plant communities provided accurate information on actual transfer toward the ensemble of vegetation, which could be used to establish site-specific "fingerprints" of metal bioavailability

    Tolérance et accumulation des métaux lourds par la végétation spontanée des friches métallurgiques : vers de nouvelles méthodes de bio-dépollution

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    Among the main pollutants generated by industrial activities, heavy metals, such as Cu, Pb or Cr, are of major concern. Indeed, these elements, which are nonbiodegradable, are highly ecotoxic and could be implied in different human diseases. Thus, to resume the terms of a recent report of the Parliamentary Office of the Scientific and Technological Choices, "if heavy metals made civilization, they can also dismantle it". It is today essential not only to better know the effects of these pollutants on the living organisms, but also to develop adapted solutions, in order to limit the risks. In this context, plants are really interesting. Indeed, plants, which are directly confronted with the toxic compounds of the medium, could be not only used as biomarkers of toxicity of the medium, but also as a tool for stabilization of the pollutants. However, data concerning influence of heavy metals on vegetation, subjected to a chronic metal exposure, as well as the role of the plants on metal becoming are still insufficient. Consequently, is necessary to carry on research in this field in order to better understand interactions between plants and pollutants and to find new species usable in phytoremediation programs.This work presents results of the study of the natural vegetations developing on three metallurgical dumps in Rhone Alpes region. Although heavily polluted soils, more than 200 plant species were identified, belonging to 50 botanical families. Thus, using a standardized procedure, metals were highly “phytoavailable”, whereas mean leaf metal contents in native vegetation showed no more accumulation than a reference plant growing in uncontaminated environments. Consequently, metal phytoavailability can be considered as low despite very high total levels. Although poor phytoavailable metals levels were demonstrated, metallurgical waste deposits had clearly an impact on the structure of plants communities. Phytosociological relevĂ©s performed on the metallurgical sites evidenced four quite unusual well-marked major vegetation goup whose three of them had never been described. Among these groupments, the abundant species, Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit. showed high metal tolerance, especially for Cd. For Cd and Ni tolerance was a constitutive character and an adaptative trait for Cu. This good constitutive tolerance could be a characteristic of pioneer and dryness resistant species. In P. scabra, the mechanisms of Cd resistance to cadmium could imply an activation of the antioxydant root system and a translocation limitation.To continue this work, it's necessary to get complementary information on resistance mechanisms involved in heavy metal tolerance in P. arenaria and particularly on intracellular chelation. In addition, it would be interesting to carry out the first tests of recolonisation in real conditions.Parmi les principaux polluants gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©s par les activitĂ©s industrielles, les mĂ©taux lourds, tels que le Cu, le Pb, le Cr... posent des problĂšmes particuliĂšrement prĂ©occupants. En effet, ces Ă©lĂ©ments, par nature non biodĂ©gradables, prĂ©sentent une forte Ă©cotoxicitĂ© et pourraient ĂȘtre impliquĂ©s dans de nombreuses pathologies. Ainsi, pour reprendre les termes d'un rĂ©cent rapport de l'Office Parlementaire des Choix Scientifiques et Technologiques : « si les mĂ©taux lourds ont fait la civilisation, ils peuvent aussi la dĂ©faire ». Il est donc aujourd'hui indispensable non seulement de mieux connaĂźtre les effets de ces polluants sur les organismes vivants, mais aussi de mettre en Ɠuvre des solutions durables, visant Ă  limiter leurs risques. Dans ce contexte, les plantes reprĂ©sentent un objet d'Ă©tude intĂ©ressant. En effet, celles-ci, directement confrontĂ©es aux composĂ©s toxiques du milieu, pourraient non seulement ĂȘtre utilisĂ©es en tant que marqueurs de la toxicitĂ© du milieu, mais aussi en tant qu'outil de stabilisation des polluants. Cependant, Ă  l'heure actuelle, les donnĂ©es concernant l'influence des mĂ©taux lourds sur les communautĂ©s vĂ©gĂ©tales soumises Ă  une exposition chronique de polluants, de mĂȘme que le rĂŽle des plantes sur le devenir des mĂ©taux, sont encore insuffisantes. Il est donc nĂ©cessaire de poursuivre les recherches dans ce domaine afin de mieux comprendre les modalitĂ©s des interactions entre les plantes et les milieux polluĂ©s et de trouver de nouvelles espĂšces utilisables dans des programmes de phytoremĂ©diation.Pour rĂ©pondre Ă  cet objectif, l'Ă©tude des populations vĂ©gĂ©tales naturelles de trois crassiers mĂ©tallurgiques de la rĂ©gion RhĂŽne-Alpes a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e. MalgrĂ© de fortes teneurs en mĂ©taux lourds, les relevĂ©s rĂ©alisĂ©s ont permis de rĂ©pertorier un peu plus de 200 espĂšces de plantes supĂ©rieures appartenant Ă  une cinquantaine de familles botaniques. Par ailleurs, l'utilisation d'une mĂ©thode chimique normalisĂ©e a montrĂ© que la fraction mĂ©tallique “phytodisponible” Ă©tait importante. Par opposition, l'analyse des concentrations foliaires n'a pas permis de mettre en Ă©vidence une accumulation mĂ©tallique supĂ©rieure Ă  celle retrouvĂ©e dans une plante rĂ©fĂ©rence. Par consĂ©quent, le risque de transfert des polluants mĂ©talliques apparaĂźt limitĂ©. L'analyse des relevĂ©s phytosociologique a cependant rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que le substrat influence l'organisation de groupements vĂ©gĂ©taux inĂ©dits, qui pourraient ĂȘtre utiles pour dĂ©signer la vĂ©gĂ©tation la plus adaptĂ©e pour un programme de phytoremĂ©diation. Au sein de ces groupements, une espĂšce abondante, Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit. a montrĂ© de bonnes capacitĂ©s de tolĂ©rance vis-Ă -vis de diffĂ©rents mĂ©taux lourds, en particulier pour le cadmium. Il s'est avĂ©rĂ© que la tolĂ©rance de cette espĂšce est un caratĂšre constitutif pour le Cd et le Ni et un caractĂšre adaptatif pour le Cu. Cette bonne tolĂ©rance constitutive pourrait ĂȘtre une caractĂ©ristique des plantes pionniĂšres et rĂ©sistantes Ă  la sĂ©cheresse. Chez cette espĂšce, les mĂ©canismes de rĂ©sistance au cadmium semblent impliquer une activation du systĂšme anti-oxydant racinaire et une limitation de la translocation.La suite possible de ce travail pourrait consister Ă  orienter les recherches vers les mĂ©canismes complĂ©mentaires de la rĂ©sistance aux mĂ©taux lourds chez P. arenaria et notamment en ce qui concerne les phĂ©nomĂšnes de chĂ©lation intracellulaire. D'autre part, il serait intĂ©ressant de procĂ©der aux premiers tests de recolonisation en conditions rĂ©elles

    Soil characteristics, heavy metal availability and vegetation recovery at a former metallurgical landfill: Implications in risk assessment and site restoration

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    International audiencePedological and botanical characteristics of a former metallurgical landfill were examined to assess the risks of heavy metals mobility and to evaluate remediation feasibility. In addition to very high heavy metals levels (Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn), the soil was characterized by a lack of clear horizonation, a relatively high pH, a high mineral and organic carbon contents, a low nitrogen level and a high C/N ratio. A two step sequential extraction showed that heavy metals were poorly labile (i.e. not soluble in diluted CaCl2), indicating that their leaching under natural conditions was probably very low. However, extraction with DTPA generated significant amounts of metals (mainly Pb and Cu), suggesting they were potentially mobilizable. A botanical survey of the area showed a biodiverse plant community (28 species and 11 families), with no obvious toxicity symptoms. Measurements of metal contents in dominant species confirmed that they were closely similar to those reported for species growing in unpolluted environments. Consequently, for an effective site restoration, indigenous species could be well suited to cope with local conditions in a phytostabilization strategy. Heavy metals at a former metallurgical landfill are not leachable and poorly phytoavailable
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