A modeling approach of the relationship between nitrous oxide fluxes from soils and the water-filled pore space

International audienceNitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes can increase significantly following small increases in soil water-filled pore space (WFPS). Thus, it is essential to improve our knowledge of this crucial relationship to better model N2O emissions by soils. We studied how much the addition of a gas transport and a gas–liquid equilibrium module to the model of N2O emissions NOE could improve simulation results. A sensitivity analysis of the modified model (NOEGTE: gas transport and equilibrium) was first performed, and then the model was tested with published data of a wetting–drying experiment. Simulated N2O fluxes plotted against WFPS appeared to be bell-shaped during the 7 days simulated, combining the effects of the low N2O production for WFPS 0.95. The WFPS generating the maximum simulated N2O fluxes shifted with time, from 0.76 after 12 h, to 0.79 after 168 h, because of an increase over time of the gas concentration gradient between the soil surface and the atmosphere. NOEGTE appeared able to capture the pattern of N2O emissions monitored in the experimental data. In particular, N2O peaks during drying were well reproduced in terms of timing, but their magnitudes were often overestimated. They were attributed to the increasing gas diffusivity and N2O exchanges from the liquid phase to the gaseous phase

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Conversion of Polyethylenes into Fungal Secondary Metabolites

Waste plastics represent major environmental and economic burdens due to their ubiquity, slow breakdown rates, and inadequacy of current recycling routes. Polyethylenes are particularly problematic, because they lack robust recycling approaches despite being the most abundant plastics in use today. We report a novel chemical and biological approach for the rapid conversion of polyethylenes into structurally complex and pharmacologically active compounds. We present conditions for aerobic, catalytic digestion of polyethylenes collected from post‐consumer and oceanic waste streams, creating carboxylic diacids that can then be used as a carbon source by the fungus Aspergillus nidulans. As a proof of principle, we have engineered strains of A. nidulans to synthesize the fungal secondary metabolites asperbenzaldehyde, citreoviridin, and mutilin when grown on these digestion products. This hybrid approach considerably expands the range of products to which polyethylenes can be upcycled

MAGDALENA PERDOMO ACEDO [Material gráfico]

ESPOSA DE JUAN PADILLA PAZCopia digital. Madrid : Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. Subdirección General de Coordinación Bibliotecaria, 201

A Conserved Mito-Cytosolic Translational Balance Links Two Longevity Pathways.

Slowing down translation in either the cytosol or the mitochondria is a conserved longevity mechanism. Here, we found a non-interventional natural correlation of mitochondrial and cytosolic ribosomal proteins (RPs) in mouse population genetics, suggesting a translational balance. Inhibiting mitochondrial translation in C. elegans through mrps-5 RNAi repressed cytosolic translation. Transcriptomics integrated with proteomics revealed that this inhibition specifically reduced translational efficiency of mRNAs required in growth pathways while increasing stress response mRNAs. The repression of cytosolic translation and extension of lifespan from mrps-5 RNAi were dependent on atf-5/ATF4 and independent from metabolic phenotypes. We found the translational balance to be conserved in mammalian cells upon inhibiting mitochondrial translation pharmacologically with doxycycline. Lastly, extending this in vivo, doxycycline repressed cytosolic translation in the livers of germ-free mice. These data demonstrate that inhibiting mitochondrial translation initiates an atf-5/ATF4-dependent cascade leading to coordinated repression of cytosolic translation, which could be targeted to promote longevity

Insight into the Role of Sugars in Bud Burst Under Light in the Rose

Bud burst is a decisive process in plant architecture that requires light in Rosa sp. This light effect was correlated with stimulation of sugar transport and metabolism in favor of bud outgrowth. We investigated whether sugars could act as signaling entities in the light-mediated regulation of vacuolar invertases and bud burst. Full-length cDNAs encoding two vacuolar invertases (RhVI1 and RhVI2) were isolated from buds. Unlike RhVI2, RhVI1 was preferentially expressed in bursting buds, and was up-regulated in buds of beheaded plants exposed to light. To assess the importance of sugars in this process, the expression of RhVI1 and RhVI2 and the total vacuolar invertase activity were further characterized in buds cultured in vitro on 100 mM sucrose or mannitol under light or in darkness for 48 h. Unlike mannitol, sucrose promoted the stimulatory effect of light on both RhVI1 expression and vacuolar invertase activity. This up-regulation of RhVI1 was rapid (after 6 h incubation) and was induced by as little as 10 mM sucrose or fructose. No effect of glucose was found. Interestingly, both 30 mM palatinose (a non-metabolizable sucrose analog) and 5 mM psicose (a non-metabolizable fructose analog) promoted the light-induced expression of RhVI1 and total vacuolar invertase activity. Sucrose, fructose, palatinose and psicose all promoted bursting of in vitro cultured buds under light. These findings indicate that soluble sugars contribute to the light effect on bud burst and vacuolar invertases, and can function as signaling entities