Labor Disputes and Labor Flows

About one in four workers challenges her dismissal in front of a labor court in France. Using a data set of individual labor disputes brought to French courts over the years 1996 to 2003, we examine the impact of labor court activity on labor market flows. First, we present a simple theoretical model showing the links between judicial costs and judicial case outcomes. Second, we exploit our model as well as the French institutional setting to generate instruments for these endogenous outcomes. In particular, we use shocks in the supply of lawyers who resettle close to their university of origin. Using these instruments, we show that labor court decisions have a causal effect on labor flows. More trials and more cases won by the workers cause more job destructions. More settlements, higher filing rates, and a larger fraction of workers represented by a lawyer dampen job destructions. Various robustness checks confirm these findings.labor judges, labor flows, employment protection legislation, unfair dismissal, France

Teachers' Training, Class Size and Students' Outcomes: Learning from Administrative Forecasting Mistakes

This paper studies the impact of different teacher and class characteristics on third graders' outcomes. It uses a feature of the French system in which some novice teachers start their jobs before receiving any training. Three categories of teachers are included in the sample: experienced teachers, trained novice teachers and untrained novice teachers. To identify the effects, we use administrative mistakes in forecasting the number of teachers. We find that trained and untrained novice teachers are assigned to similar classes, whereas experienced teachers have better students located in better environments. Hence, in order to match similar students and classes, we focus on pupils with novice teachers and discard those with experienced teachers. In addition, we show that the same sample can be used to estimate the causal effect of class size on students' outcomes. Our findings are: (1) teachers' training substantially improves students' test scores in mathematics; (2) this training effect does not rely on different teaching practices, but mainly on subject matter competence; untrained teachers who majored in sciences at university improve their students' achievement as much as trained teachers do; (3) the class size effect is substantial and significant; class size does not seem to be correlated with instructional practices; (4) teachers' training does not improve the scores of initially low-achieving students and classes; on the contrary, a smaller class is more beneficial to low-achieving students within classes and to all students in low-achieving classes.teachers' training, class size

Priority Education Zones: Which Resources Produce Which Results? An Evaluation over the 1982-1992 Period

In 1982, pilot tests breaking with the idea of equal treatment were introduced in an attempt to do something about persistent school failure rates among the most disadvantaged pupils. These priority education zones (ZEPs) initially set up in a few regions were strengthened and extended in 1989 and 1990 and the measure has been regularly renewed since. It encourages the establishments concerned to develop educational projects and local partnerships by granting them additional resources (appropriations, jobs, hours of teaching, etc.). The aim is to improve educational performance by stimulating new projects. A reduction in class sizes is also coming to be seen as a tool. The changes that ZEP status has brought about for these establishments are evaluated using administrative data on the schools. We show that it is hard to find a significant effect of the ZEP programme on pupils success rates over the 1982-1992 period.Education, Program Evaluation, Compensatory Policy

Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≥ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Regards franco-allemands

Corinne Prost, Chef du département des études économiques d’ensemble à l’Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques (INSEE), Paris Stabilisateurs automatiques L’étude sur les stabilisateurs automatiques présentée par Hilmar Schneider, que l’on peut trouver en document de travail du NBER (National Bureau of Economic Research), est particulièrement intéressante. Cette étude quantifie la façon dont les systèmes fiscaux et les systèmes de protection sociale amortissent les choc..

Première note relative à l'orientation des objets en os

Résumé : Discussions sur l'emploi des termes « distal » et « proximal » dans la terminologie de l'outillage osseux. Essai de démonstration de leur caractère impropre et proposition de nouvelles dénominations des extrémités des objets en matières osseuses : apex et base.Prost Christiane. Première note relative à l'orientation des objets en os. In: Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française. Comptes rendus des séances mensuelles, tome 68, n°2, 1971. pp. 46-47

Finances publiques et cycle économique : une autre approche

International organisations define the cyclical balance in terms of the impact of the fluctuations in present activity on the public balance. We suggest an alternative method, based on the estimation of aVARmodel having as variables the deficit expressed in GDP points and the GDP growth rate. The non-cyclical balance is defined as the balance that would have been obtained if GDP had remained on its trend. This method estimates the impact of the economic cycle on the public balance without it being necessary to identify a priori the modifications in legislation that are of a structural nature. In addition, it incorporates the impact of past fluctuations in activity on the present balance. However, the scale of the cyclical balance calculated using this approach remains sensitive to the choice of GDP trend.Les organisations internationales définissent le solde conjoncturel comme l’impact des fluctuations de l’activité présente sur le solde public. Nous présentons une méthode alternative, qui repose sur l’estimation d’un VAR ayant pour variables le déficit en point de PIB et le taux de croissance du PIB. Le solde non-cyclique est défini comme celui qui aurait été obtenu si le PIB était resté sur sa tendance. Cette méthode estime l’impact du cycle économique sur le solde public sans qu’il soit nécessaire d’identifier a priori les modifications de législation qui sont d’ordre structurel. De plus, elle intègre l’impact des fluctuations passées de l’activité sur le solde actuel. Néanmoins l’ampleur du solde cyclique qu’elle permet de calculer reste sensible au choix de la tendance du PIB.Prost Corinne, Audenis Cédric. Finances publiques et cycle économique : une autre approche. In: Économie & prévision, n°157, 2003-1. pp. 1-12