Peningkatan Masa Simpan Aktivator Kompos melalui Variasi Sumber Nitrogen

Kompos merupakan hasil degradasi bahan organik secara aerob maupun anaerob dengan memanfaatkan potensi mikroorganisme sebagai aktivator kompos. Kualitas aktivator kompos sangat tergantung dari kecepatan degradasi yang dimiliki dan lama masa simpannya. Medium pertumbuhan berpengaruh penting terhadap masa simpan aktivator kompos karena untuk mengomptimalkan viabilitas sel dalam waktu yang lama. Salah satu komponen medium pertumbuhan adalah nitrogen berupa protein atau senyawa peptida yang dapat memengaruhi masa simpan (life span) aktivator kompos. Kompleksitas struktur protein menyebabkan pemanfaatan nitrogen untuk pertumbuhan juga berbeda, yang salah satunya berpengaruh terhadap masa simpan aktivator kompos. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh beberapa sumber nitrogen antara lain yeast extract, pepton, susu skim, dan rumput laut, yang berpotensi untuk meningkatan masa simpan aktivator kompos. Konsorsium aktivator kompos berupa Aspergillus niger dan Rhizobium sp. dengan perbandingan 1:1 dikultur pada medium variasi sumber nitrogen dengan konsentrasi yang berbeda yaitu 2,5% dan 1,25% dengan 3 kali pengulangan. Jumlah koloni dihitung dengan metode TPC (Total Plate Agar), Kadar protein terlarut pada medium kultur dianalisis dengan metode Bradford. Hasil kultur aktivator kompos diaplikasikan untuk pembuatan kompos. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif berupa kurva pertumbuhan koloni, kemiringan kurva pertumbuhan aktivator kompos,kadar protein terlarut, suhu kompos, dan tabel analisis rasio C/N. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa medium rumput laut konsentrasi 1,25% mampu meningkatkan masa simpan aktivator kompos karena hasil kemiringan kurva pertumbuhan relatif rendah sehingga diasumsikan jumlah sel yang cenderung stabil. Sedangkan nilai rasio C/N terbaik adalah aktivator kompos pada medium rumput laut konsentrasi 1,25% karena nilai yang didapatkan sebesar 14,15/1.Sehingga medium rumput laut konsentrasi 1,25% dapat dimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan masa simpan aktivator kompos

Advances in Use of Keratinase from Feather Wastes for Feedstock Modification

Background and Objective: Enzymatic modification of protein-base materials is fast emerging as a promising tool for chemical catalysts based on increasing knowledge in enzyme reaction and devotion to achieve sustainable systems. Enzymes actively used in protein modification include proteases, especially keratinases, and their most interesting features include ability to degrade keratin to finer molecules. This review summarizes strategies for the modification of keratin using keratinase to increase functional protein-based feedstocks up-to-date. Results and Conclusion: Keratinases are useful safe agents for feather waste modification in animal feeds. Modification can be carried out either using whole microbial cells or enzyme activities through fermentation processes in costeffective environmental-friendly manners. In this study, promising outcomes in feather waste management were achieved and hence studies can be continued to treat wastes of other sources. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest

POTENSI SENYAWA BIOAKTIF TANAMAN KELOR PENGHAMBAT INTERAKSI ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME 2 PADA SINDROMA SARS-COV-2

The Potential of Moringa oleifera Bioactive Compounds for Inhibiting Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Interaction in SARS-Cov-2 Syndrome Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) is a threat to human health. This infection is determined by the interaction of the spike S1 domain protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, especially the lungs. ACE2 inhibition is an important target in controlling COVID-19. Flavonoids of medicinal plants, are known to interfere with ACE (ACE2 homologous). Therefore, this study aims to explore the ability of apiin, epicatechin, and hesperetin from Moringa oleifera in interacting with the ACE2 using MOE 2008.10. The ligand molecules were prepared from PubChem database. The ACE2 protein was retrieved from Protein Data Bank (ID 1R4L) and analyzed for the active sites. Analysis of docking scores and hydrogen bonds of ACE2-ligand complex and active site showed that the affinity of flavonoids can be ranked as hesperetin > epicatechin > apiin > C19H23Cl2N3O4. The results provided computational information that apiin, epicatechin, and hesperetin have the potential to prevent COVID-19 infection. The prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) score showed the ligand displays antiviral activity. Infeksi severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pada pandemi coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) menjadi ancaman dunia kesehatan saat ini. Infeksi SARS-CoV-2 ditentukan oleh interaksi protein spike envelope S1 domain dengan reseptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) yang diekspresikan pada sel epitel saluran pernafasan terutama paru-paru. Mekanisme penghambatan ACE2 menjadi target penting dalam pengendalian COVID-19. Senyawa bioaktif tanaman obat, seperti flavonoid diketahui mampu mengganggu fungsi banyak makromolekul termasuk ACE (homolog dengan ACE2). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengeksplorasi kemampuan senyawa apiin, epicatechin, dan hesperetin dari Moringa oleifera dalam berinteraksi dengan sisi aktif ACE2 menggunakan metode penambatan molekul. Studi dilakukan dengan preparasi struktur molekul ligan dari PubChem database dan diolah dengan MOE 2008.10. Selanjutnya, data protein ACE2 (Protein Data Bank ID 1R4L) dianalisis sisi aktifnya untuk mengetahui lokasi penambatan ligan senyawa. Analisis skor docking dan ikatan hydrogen komplek ligan dan sisi aktif ACE2 menunjukkan bahwa afinitas flavonoid dapat diperingkatkan sebagai afinitas hesperetin > epicatechin > apiin > C19H23Cl2N3O4. Ketiga ligan senyawa yang terkandung dalam M. oleifera secara in silico mampu mengikat sisi aktif ACE2, sehingga berpotensi mencegah infeksi COVID-19. Skor PASS (prediction of activity spectra for substances) menunjukkan aktivitas biologis ligan yang menyerupai antiviral

A SIMPLE METHOD OF DNA EXTRACTION OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS FROM SPUTUM CULTURES FOR SEQUENCING ANALYSIS

  Background: Concern has been raised about DNA extraction from Mycobacterium tuberculosis due to its complex procedure. This study demonstrates a simple and fast DNA extraction method of mycobacterial genome to subsequent molecular investigation, such as Polymerization Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification, with species-specific primers and sequencing. Materials and Methods: Total DNA was isolated from M. tuberculosis cultured by using boil method. DNA was evaluated via measures of DNA quantity and quality (absorbance at 230, 260 and 280 nm), DNA integrity (electrophoresis). Molecular tests were tested namely PCR and sequencing. Conclusions: The quality of DNA obtained is acceptable for PCR and sequencing analysis. These findings demonstrate that the method used is inexpensive and suitable for minimum infrastructure facilities. &nbsp

Bioinformatika Sebagai Metode Awal Analisis Prekursor Peptidoglikan Endopeptidase Pada Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a cell membrane sheath which plays an important role in the pathological process, namely the plasma membrane, cell wall, and capsules. Peptidoglycan (PG) are one of the cell wall components that specifically functions in the formation of cell structures and osmotic protection, consequently it becomes the target of antibacterial drugs. β–lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, inhibit PG biosynthesis caused cell death. The formation of PG is regulated by a series of ripA and ripB protein coding genes. This study aims to apply bioinformatics under DNA–based molecular technique to design primers that is capable to detecting and characterizing the M. tuberculosis ripA gene. In this study, step 1 begins on the collection of M. tuberculosis H37rv isolates, total genome extraction through the CTAB method. Step 2 are the design and analysis of primers, amplification of DNA fragments, detection of PCR products, sequencing of nucleotides and characterization of ripA genes with the MEGA5 program. The ripA gene primary design was carried out using a database from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and the primer–BLAST program. From the results of sequence analysis with phylogenetic analysis (BLAST), it was obtained that the ripA gene has an amplification length of 912 bp and 100% of genes derived from M. tuberculosis. The result of gene analysis showed that bioinformatics became one of the methods to manage and analyze biological data (DNA sequences and amino acids) from M. tuberculosis. Specific primers designed in this study are expected to be efficient for use as detection primers for the PCR

BIOINFORMATIKA SEBAGAI METODE AWAL ANALISIS PREKURSOR PEPTIDOGLIKAN ENDOPEPTIDASE PADA MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS

Mycobacterium tuberculosis memiliki selubung membran sel yang berperan penting dalam proses patologis, yaitu plasma membran, dinding, dan kapsul. Peptidoglikan (PG) menjadi salah satu komponen dinding sel yang secara khusus berfungsi dalam pembentukan struktur dan perlindungan osmotik sel, sehingga menjadi target obat antibakteri. Antibiotik β–laktam, seperti penisilin, menghambat biosintesis PG yang menimbulkan kematian sel. Pembentukan PG diatur oleh serangkaian gen penyandi protein ripA dan ripB. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengaplikasikan teknik bioinformatika berbasis DNA molekuler untuk merancang primer yang mampu mendeteksi dan mengkarakterisasi gen ripA M. tuberculosis. Tahapan penelitian dimulai dari tahap 1, yaitu koleksi isolatM. tuberculosis H37rv,  ekstraksi total genom melalui metode CTAB. Tahap 2 yaitu desain dan analisis primer, amplifikasi fragmen DNA, deteksi produk PCR, sekuensing nukleotida dan karakterisasi gen ripA dengan program MEGA5. Desain primer gen ripA dilakukan menggunakan database dari National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) dan program primer–BLAST. Analisis data secara deskriptif dengan melihat hasil dari proses ekstraksi DNA, amplifikasi DNA, elektroforesis, sekuensing DNA, penyejajaran sekuens (sequence alignment) untuk menentukan analisis filogenetik. Gen ripA yang diperoleh memiliki panjang amplifikasi 912 bp. Analisis BLAST menunjukkan 100% gen berasal dari M. tuberculosis. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa bioinformatika menjadi salah satu metode dalam mengelola dan menganalisis informasi biologis (sekuens DNA dan asam amino) dari M. tuberculosis. Primer spesifik yang dirancang dalam penelitian ini diharapkan efisien untuk digunakan sebagai marka deteksi dengan PCR

DISEMINASI CARA HIDUP SEHAT DAN SANITASI DI KAWASAN PESISIR PULAUAN KECIL POTERAN, SUMENEP MADURA

Abstrak: Kesehatan menjadi salah satu faktor penentu kualitas Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM). Di Pulau Poteran, akses pelayanan kesehatan terhalang dengan keadaan geografis dan keadaan cuaca. Kondisi ini mengakibatkan kurangnya perhatian masalah kesehatan dan kondisi sanitasi lingkungan masyarakat pesisir. Tujuan pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah diseminasi cara hidup sehat dan sanitasi kepada masyarakat di kawasan pesisir pulau Poteran, agar masyarakat (1) termotivasi untuk menjaga kebersihan lingkungan; (2) melakukan pencegahan dan penanganan secara dini terhadap penyakit; (3) mendorong peran serta, penguatan kesadaran dan kepedulian masyarakat untuk berperan aktif dalam menangani sanitasi lingkungan. Metode yang dilaksanakan pada kegiatan ini adalah penyuluhan melalui media poster pendidikan sanitasi lingkungan berbahasa Madura yang tinggal di pulau kecil di pulau Poteran. Mitra kegiatan ini adalah Yayasan Jala Tani Pertiwi. Hasil evaluasi yang dilakukan menggunakan kuesioner sebelum dan sesudah sosialisasi menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan pemahaman cara hidup sehat dan sanitasi sebesar 42%. Peningkatan pemahaman ini diharapkan mampu mengubah pola pikir dan perilaku hidup sehat masyarakat. Abstract:  Health is one of the determining factors for the quality of Human Resources (HR). In Poteran Island, access to health services is hindered by geography and weather conditions. This condition results in a lack of attention to health problems and environmental sanitation conditions in coastal communities. The purpose of this community service is the dissemination of healthy living and sanitation methods to communities in the coastal area of Poteran Island, so that people are (1) motivated to maintain a clean environment; (2) early prevention and treatment of disease; (3) encouraging participation, strengthening public awareness and concern to play an active role in dealing with environmental sanitation. The method used in this activity is to provide counseling and distribution of environmental sanitation education posters in Madurese language living on a small island on Poteran Island. The partner of this activity is the Jala Tani Pertiwi Foundation. The results of evaluations conducted using a questionnaire before and after the socialization showed an increase in understanding of healthy living and sanitation methods by 42%. This increase in understanding is expected to be able to change the mindset and behavior of healthy living in society.

Enzymatic Deacetylation of chitin for Acetaminophen Drugcarrier Administered in Male Mice (Mus Musculus L.) Albino Swiss Webster

A Fabrication and formulation of pharmaceutical preparations are currently being developed, this is due to the low effectiveness and bioavailability of the drug. therefore, the usage of drug carriers is a major factor for improving the bioavailability, reducing side effects and reducing drug waste. Chitosan is one of the potential biopolymers as a drug carrier because its cationic character could interact with anionic compounds through crosslinking links. The objective of this study is to create drug microspheres by using chitosan from enzymatic chitin deacetylation product as the drug carrier of acetaminophen in male Mus musculus L. Swiss Webster which will be carried out under in vivo process. Microsphere was fabricated as a yellow-brownish solid, the amount of acetaminophen per mg microsphere 1:1 and 1:2 was 0,007 mg and 0,0125 mg. Encapsulation efficiency was 0,7% and 1,25%. Acetaminophen percentage in the urine with control (0,5%), Microsphere 1:1 (6,4%) and microsphere 1:2 (19%), respectively

BIOGROUTING: Produksi Urease dari Bakteri Laut (Oceanobacillus sp.) Pengendap Karbonat

Biogrouting adalah teknologi yang mensimulasikan proses diagenesis yaitu transformasi butiran pasir menjadi batuan pasir (calcarinite/sandstone). Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana mengoptimasi produk urease dengan melakukan uji aktifitas, mengisolasi, mempurifikasi dan mengkarakterisasi urease serta mengaplikasikannya sebagai material grout. Uji aktifitas dan optimasi dilakukan dengan menumbuhkan isolat Oceanobacillus sp. pada 2 variasi medium (B4 urea dan B4 urin), 5 variasi pH (4-8) dan 2 variasi suhu (25°C dan 29°C). Hasil uji aktifitas dan optimasi selanjutnya dipurifikasi menggunakan ammonium sulfat (Uji Bradford) dan dicari titik isoelektriknya. Kemudian hasil protein presipitat dikarakterisasi menggunakan SDS-PAGE. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa aktifitas urease paling tinggi adalah 70.21 unit/ml. Urease optimal dihasilkan pada isolat yang ditumbuhkan pada B4 urea pada pH 7 temperatur 25°C. Berat molekul urease yang dikarakterisasi menggunakan SDS-PAGE adalah 440 kDa, sedangkan titik isoelektriknya pada pH 6. Urease dapat dijadikan material grout karena memiliki kemampuan untuk melakukan sementasi pada aplikasi sederhana biogrouting

Effect of Edible Laccase on Chinese Bread Texture

Laccase application in the food industry is an alternative and innovative solution for natural ingredients since it is able to improve the food quality especially for baking industry. Laccase is a natural catalyst which could improve the structure of gluten in dough by increasing phenol oxidation resulting a better bread texture, taste, volume, and freshness. The aim of this study was to evaluate Trametes versicolor laccase oxidation on physicochemical quality of Chinese bread. Laccase were pasteurized to obtain edible laccase with the final activity as 774.7 U/ml. Laccase treatment managed to reduce bread hardness until 9.55 N. The softening phenomenon was related to the laccase–mediated depolymerization of the cross–linked network. Chemical parameters of laccase treatment were 0.065 ppm lower than control. The functional group in the polymer pretreatment mixture of edible laccase observed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) showed the formation of disulfide group at a wavelength of 450–500 cm . The Scanning Electron Microscope analysis revealed formation of gluten protein which has smaller and uniform pores compared to the control group. Based on the results obtained in the present study, laccase from Trametes versicolor can be considered a promising application to improve quality of Chinese bread at industrial level