Percepção de esforço em indivíduos submetidos à suplementação de agente antioxidante

Está bem estabelecido na literatura que a prática de exercícios físicos aumenta a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO). Quando as defesas antioxidantes falham ou estão reduzidas, as ERO podem precipitar e agravar o desenvolvimento de diversas doenças degenerativas, tais como as cardiopatias, aterosclerose, problemas pulmonares e danos celulares, em especial nas membranas e no DNA, exercendo um papel importante na mutagênese e na carcinogênese. Sabe-se também, que a suplementação com agentes antioxidantes, como as vitaminas C e E, tem potencial para redução dos efeitos prejudiciais das ERO ao organismo. Deste modo, o presente estudo verificou as possíveis alterações na percepção de esforço em indivíduos submetidos à suplementação com 500mg de ácido ascórbico (Vitamina C). Foram selecionados 07 (sete) voluntários do gênero masculino com idade de 23,8 ± 3,4 anos, massa corporal de 75,8 ± 8,1 quilogramas e estatura de 1,8 ± 0,1 metros, os quais foram submetidos a testes de esforço físico em bicicleta ergométrica, com e sem suplementação de ácido ascórbico (500mg). Trata-se de um estudo clínico, em esquema aleatório e duplo-cego para administração do agente antioxidante e avaliação da percepção de esforço físico, utilizando-se a escala de Borg. Em síntese, não foram observadas diferenças significativas na frequência cardíaca máxima e na percepção de esforço, no entanto os resultados obtidos para a capacidade de realizar esforço físico máximo, na condição sem suplementação (184,7 ± 32,74 Watts) e com suplementação (209,9 ± 26,5 Watts), sugerem que a suplementação com ácido ascórbico pode ser benéfica na capacidade de realizar esforço com maior incremento de carga. No entanto devido ao número relativamente pequeno de voluntários, o estudo deve ser ampliado com objetivo de demonstrar com maior confiabilidade os efeitos da suplementação com ácido ascórbico na percepção e na capacidade de realização de esforço, bem como na adaptação à prática de exercícios físicosIt is well established in the literature that physical exercise increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). When antioxidant defenses fail or are reduced, the ROS can precipitate and aggravate the development of many degenerative diseases such as heart disease, atherosclerosis, lung problems and cell damage, especially in membranes and DNA, playing an important role in mutagenesis and in carcinogenesis. It is also known that supplementation with antioxidants such as vitamins C and E, has the potential to reduce adverse effects of ROS in the body. Thus, this study assessed the possible changes in the perception of effort in individuals undergoing supplementation with 500 mg of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C). We selected 07 (seven) male volunteers aged 23.8± 3.6years, body mass 75.8 ± 8.1kilogramsand height 1.8± 0.1 meterswere tested for physical exertion on a bicycle testing with and without ascorbic acid supplementation (500 mg) for 07 (seven) days. It is a clinical study, in a completely randomized, double-blind administration of the antioxidant and evaluation perceived physical exertion using the Borg scale.In summary, we didn’t observe significant differences in the maximal heart hate and in the effort perception, on the other hand, the results for the ability to perform maximum effort, provided no supplementation (184.7 ± 32.7Watts) and supplementation (209.9 ± 26.5Watts), suggestedthat supplementation with ascorbic acid was shown to be beneficial in ability to make greater efforts to increase load. However due to the relatively small number of volunteers, the study should be expanded in order to show more reliably the effects of ascorbic acid supplementation in perception and ability to perform stress and adaptation to physical exercis

Airflow-Restricting Mask Reduces Acute Performance in Resistance Exercise

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the number of repetitions to volitional failure, the blood lactate concentration, and the perceived exertion to resistance training with and without an airflow-restricting mask. Methods: Eight participants participated in a randomized, counterbalanced, crossover study. Participants were assigned to an airflow-restricting mask group (MASK) or a control group (CONT) and completed five sets of chest presses and parallel squats until failure at 75% one-repetition-maximum test (1RM) with 60 s of rest between sets. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs), blood lactate concentrations (Lac(-)), and total repetitions were taken after the training session. Results: MASK total repetitions were lower than those of the CONT, and (Lac(-)) and MASK RPEs were higher than those of the CONT in both exercises. Conclusions: We conclude that an airflow-restricting mask in combination with resistance training increase perceptions of exertion and decrease muscular performance and lactate concentrations when compared to resistance training without this accessory. This evidence shows that the airflow-restricting mask may change the central nervous system and stop the exercise beforehand to prevent some biological damage.Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Grp Studies & Res Exercise Physiol GEPEFEX, BR-11015020 Sao Paulo, BrazilCruzeiro Univ, Inst Phys Act Sci & Sport, BR-03342000 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Grp Studies & Res Exercise Physiol GEPEFEX, Postgrad Program Human Movement Sci & Rehabiltat, BR-11015020 Sao Paulo, BrazilGroup of Studies and Research in Exercise Physiology (GEPEFEX), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 11.015-020, BrazilPostgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences and Rehabilitation, Group of Studies and Research in Exercise Physiology (GEPEFEX), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São PauloWeb of Scienc

Métodos alternativos para estimar a velocidade da máxima fase estável de lactato em adultos jovens fisicamente ativos

The aim of this study was to compare the velocities found in the protocols used to measure the indirect individual anaerobic threshold (IATind), glucose threshold (GT) and critical velocity (CV) with the gold standard, the maximum lactate steady state (MLSS) protocol. Fourteen physically active young adults (23±3.1 years; 72±10.97 kg; 176±7 cm; 21±5.36% body fat) performed a 3000-m track running test to determine IATind using the prediction equation and an incremental test on a treadmill to determine GT. The CV was identified by linear regression of the distance-time relationship based on 3000-m and 500-m running performance. The MLSS was identified using two to five tests on different days to identify the intensity at which there was no increase in blood lactate concentration greater than 1 mmol/L between the 10th and 30th minute. A significant difference was observed between mean CV and MLSS (P≤0.05) and there was a high correlation between MLSS and IATind (R2=0.82; P≤0.01) and between MLSS and GT (R2=0.72; P≤0.01). The Bland-Altman method showed agreement between MLSS and IATind [mean difference -0.24 (confidence interval -1.72 to 1.24) km/h] and between MLSS and GT [0.21 (-1.26 to 1.29) km/h]. We conclude that the IATind and GT can predict MLSS velocity with good accuracy, thus making the identification of MLSS practical and efficient to prescribe adequate intensities of aerobic exercise.O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar as velocidades encontradas nos protocolos de Limiar Anaeróbio Individual Indireto (LAIind), Limiar Glicêmico (LG) e Velocidade Crítica (VC) com o padrão ouro, o protocolo de identificação da máxima fase estável do lactato (MFEL). Participaram 14 adultos jovens fisicamente ativos (23±3,1 anos; 72±10,97 kg; 1,76±0,07 m; 21±5,36 % gordura corporal) que realizaram um teste de 3000m em pista para determinar o LAIind através de equação de predição; teste incremental em esteira ergométrica para determinação do LG; a VC foi identificada por regressão linear através da relação distância-tempo com base no desempenho em corridas nas distâncias de 3.000m e 500m; a MFEL foi identificada utilizando de dois a cinco testes em dias distintos até encontrar a intensidade onde não houve aumento da concentração de lactato sanguíneo maior que 1 mmol.L-1 entre os minutos 10 e 30. Houve diferença estatística entre os valores médios da VC e a MFEL (P≤0,05), elevada correlação entre MFEL e LAIind (R2=0,82; P≤0.01) e MFEL e LG (R2=0,72; P≤0.01). Através do método Bland-Altman foram encontradas as concordâncias entre MFEL e LAIind [diferença média -0,24 (intervalo de confiança -1,72 a 1,24) km/h] e MFEL e LG [0,21 (-1,26 a 1,29) km/h]. Concluímos que o LAIind e o LG são testes que podem predizer com boa precisão a velocidade da MFEL, tornando sua identificação prática e eficiente para prescrição de intensidades adequadas para o treinamento aeróbio.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Faculdade Anhanguera de BauruUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de Ciências do Movimento HumanoUNIFESP, Depto. de Ciências do Movimento HumanoSciEL

Resistance training with slow speed of movement is better for hypertrophy and muscle strength gains than fast speed of movement.

Repetition speed is an important variable during resistance training. However, the effects of different speeds on the muscular strength and hypertrophy in isotonic resistance training are not clear. The study compared fast speed with slow speed of isotonic resistance training on muscular strength and hypertrophy in well-trained adults. Twelve healthy adults were randomly assigned into two groups: fast speed (FS) and low speed (SS). Muscle hypertrophy was measured by an ultrasound examination of the cross-sectional area of the brachial biceps muscle. Muscular strength was verified by 1 RM test. To check the possible differences in strength and hypertrophy between pre and post training and between groups there were compared by two-way ANOVA for repeated measurements and the effect size (ES) was calculated. Improvement in the cross-sectional area (P=0.019) and muscular strength (P=0.021) in the SS group between pre and post training was verified. The SS group had bigger effect sizes than FS group for hypertrophy and strength from pre to post training. SS training was more effective to improve hypertrophy and muscle strength in well-trained adults.Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Grp Studies & Res Exercise Physiol, Santos, SP, BrazilPraia Grande Coll, Grp Studies Sci Phys Educ, Praia Grande, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Human Movement Sci, Santos, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Grp Studies & Res Exercise Physiol, Santos, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Human Movement Sci, Santos, SP, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Preemptive analgesia-related gene and protein expression in third molar surgeries under non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug protocols : A PROSPERO-registered systematic review of clinical studies

This study aimed to review translational studies focusing on third molar removal surgeries through a systematic analytical approach. A PROSPERO-registered systematic review (CRD42017060455) was conducted following the PRISMA statement to summarize current knowledge on gene expression in third molar surgeries. A search was performed in PubMed?s Medline and Scopus databases, without date or language restrictions, using the logical expression {[(Third molar) OR (preemptive) OR (cyclooxygenase inhibitors) OR (acute inflammation) AND (gene expression)]}. All studies included in the analysis evaluated gene expression in a third molar extraction model, using the preemptive analgesia methodology in seven investigations. The sample analyzed was obtained from gingival tissue biopsy (n=4), blood (n=1), transudate (n=1) and gingival tissue biopsy/transudate (n=1). There were differences with respect to evaluated genes, drug protocol, sample studied, and method for evaluating gene expression. Third molar surgeries were found to be associated with different COX-related gene expression patterns. Although inflammatory events following the surgical procedure are associated with COX isoforms, data from preemptive analgesia studies are scarce, especially from studies correlating gene expression and clinical parameters. In the future, from a clinical perspective, identifying the molecular targets of a drug based on individual gene expression may be helpful to delineate specific third molar, surgery-related, preemptive analgesia protocols

RT-qPCR study of COX-1 and -2 genes in oral surgical model comparing single-dose preemptive ibuprofen and etoricoxib : a randomized clinical trialy

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the gene expression of cyclooxygenases (COXs) in an oral model of preemptive analgesia. Material and Methods: Gingival tissue was collected during extraction of lower third molars from a randomized, triple-blind, split-mouth and placebo-controlled study. The eligible patients were randomly sorted to receive a single dose either of ibuprofen 400mg, or etoricoxib 120 mg or a placebo, one hour prior to surgery. The temporal course of RNAm was evaluated for COX-1 and -2 by means of a quantitative polymerase chain reaction in real time (RT-qPCR) at time zero and 30 minutes after the surgical procedure began, and it was correlated with clinical parameters (pain and maximum mouth opening). Results: There was a significant increase in COX-1 expression between T0 and T30 in ibuprofen (p=0.004) and eto-ricoxib (p=0.010) groups. As regards COX-2, there were increases from T0 to T30 in all groups (placebo, p=0.012; ibuprofen, p<0.001; etoricoxib, p<0.001). All groups showed a significant decrease in COX-2:COX-1 ratio from T0 to T30 (placebo, p=0.013; ibuprofen, p<0.001; etoricoxib, p=0.047). Experimental groups showed a significant correlation between COX-1 and COX-2 levels and clinical pain parameters. Conclusions: The present preemptive analgesia study concludes that COX-2 RNAm induction was directly linked to third molar-related tissue inflammation and that the relation between COX-1 and COX-2 levels were inversely proportional to the preemptively administered nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs COX-2 selectivity

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre Diagnóstico e Tratamento de Pacientes com Cardiomiopatia da Doença de Chagas

This guideline aimed to update the concepts and formulate the standards of conduct and scientific evidence that support them, regarding the diagnosis and treatment of the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease, with special emphasis on the rationality base that supported it.&nbsp; Chagas disease in the 21st century maintains an epidemiological pattern of endemicity in 21 Latin American countries. Researchers and managers from endemic and non-endemic countries point to the need to adopt comprehensive public health policies to effectively control the interhuman transmission of T. cruzi infection, and to obtain an optimized level of care for already infected individuals, focusing on diagnostic and therapeutic opportunistic opportunities. &nbsp; Pathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease were revisited after in-depth updating and the notion that necrosis and fibrosis are stimulated by tissue parasitic persistence and adverse immune reaction, as fundamental mechanisms, assisted by autonomic and microvascular disorders, was well established. Some of them have recently formed potential targets of therapies.&nbsp; The natural history of the acute and chronic phases was reviewed, with enhancement for oral transmission, indeterminate form and chronic syndromes. Recent meta-analyses of observational studies have estimated the risk of evolution from acute and indeterminate forms and mortality after chronic cardiomyopathy. Therapeutic approaches applicable to individuals with Indeterminate form of Chagas disease were specifically addressed. All methods to detect structural and/or functional alterations with various cardiac imaging techniques were also reviewed, with recommendations for use in various clinical scenarios. Mortality risk stratification based on the Rassi score, with recent studies of its application, was complemented by methods that detect myocardial fibrosis.&nbsp; The current methodology for etiological diagnosis and the consequent implications of trypanonomic treatment deserved a comprehensive and in-depth approach. Also the treatment of patients at risk or with heart failure, arrhythmias and thromboembolic events, based on pharmacological and complementary resources, received special attention. Additional chapters supported the conducts applicable to several special contexts, including t. cruzi/HIV co-infection, risk during surgeries, in pregnant women, in the reactivation of infection after heart transplantation, and others.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Finally, two chapters of great social significance, addressing the structuring of specialized services to care for individuals with the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease, and reviewing the concepts of severe heart disease and its medical-labor implications completed this guideline.Esta diretriz teve como objetivo principal atualizar os conceitos e formular as normas de conduta e evidências científicas que as suportam, quanto ao diagnóstico e tratamento da CDC, com especial ênfase na base de racionalidade que a embasou. A DC no século XXI mantém padrão epidemiológico de endemicidade em 21 países da América Latina. Investigadores e gestores de países endêmicos e não endêmicos indigitam a necessidade de se adotarem políticas abrangentes, de saúde pública, para controle eficaz da transmissão inter-humanos da infecção pelo T. cruzi, e obter-se nível otimizado de atendimento aos indivíduos já infectados, com foco em oportunização diagnóstica e terapêutica. Mecanismos patogênicos e fisiopatológicos da CDC foram revisitados após atualização aprofundada e ficou bem consolidada a noção de que necrose e fibrose sejam estimuladas pela persistência parasitária tissular e reação imune adversa, como mecanismos fundamentais, coadjuvados por distúrbios autonômicos e microvasculares. Alguns deles recentemente constituíram alvos potenciais de terapêuticas. A história natural das fases aguda e crônica foi revista, com realce para a transmissão oral, a forma indeterminada e as síndromes crônicas. Metanálises recentes de estudos observacionais estimaram o risco de evolução a partir das formas aguda e indeterminada e de mortalidade após instalação da cardiomiopatia crônica. Condutas terapêuticas aplicáveis aos indivíduos com a FIDC foram abordadas especificamente. Todos os métodos para detectar alterações estruturais e/ou funcionais com variadas técnicas de imageamento cardíaco também foram revisados, com recomendações de uso nos vários cenários clínicos. Estratificação de risco de mortalidade fundamentada no escore de Rassi, com estudos recentes de sua aplicação, foi complementada por métodos que detectam fibrose miocárdica. A metodologia atual para diagnóstico etiológico e as consequentes implicações do tratamento tripanossomicida mereceram enfoque abrangente e aprofundado. Também o tratamento de pacientes em risco ou com insuficiência cardíaca, arritmias e eventos tromboembólicos, baseado em recursos farmacológicos e complementares, recebeu especial atenção. Capítulos suplementares subsidiaram as condutas aplicáveis a diversos contextos especiais, entre eles o da co-infecção por T. cruzi/HIV, risco durante cirurgias, em grávidas, na reativação da infecção após transplante cardíacos, e outros.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Por fim, dois capítulos de grande significado social, abordando a estruturação de serviços especializados para atendimento aos indivíduos com a CDC, e revisando os conceitos de cardiopatia grave e suas implicações médico-trabalhistas completaram esta diretriz.&nbsp