La mente farmacologicamente potenziata: problemi bioetici e biogiuridici

The article deals with the bioethical and biojuridical problems arising from the so called pharmacological neurocognitive enhancement, that is drugs and techniques, used not only to treat ill people, but also to modify, with intentional and direct interventions, the ‘normal’ mental and/or emotive activity of healthy people, so as to improve mental disposition (intelligence, short and long term memory) and emotional attitudes (mood, personality). After a brief description of the social phenomenon (the current availability and diffusion of cognitive and mood enhancers), the article focuses on the theories and arguments for and against cognitive enhancement: the libertarian theory recognises the right ‘beyond’ therapy in the direction of ‘perfectionism’ that defends and exalts the new biotechnological potentials on human nature; the anti-perfectionist theories consider the search for ‘perfect health’ as a threat to human dignity and social justice. In light of these theories and on the basis of the available scientific and empirical data (efficacy), the author provides a critical analysis of the main bioethical and biojuridical issues related to cognitive enhancement (safety and security, risk/benefit evaluation, role and goals of medicine, patient-physician relationship, freedom and authenticity, justice and solidarity)

Giulia Galeotti, GENDER-GENERE. Chi vuole negare la differenza maschio-femmina? L’alleanza tra femminismo e Chiesa cattolica

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Gender: presupposti filosofici e implicazioni giuridiche

L'articolo ripercorre i significati del termine 'genere' ed esamina le teorie gender mettendo in luce le premesse filosofiche e concettuali e le implicazioni nel diritto. In particolare si mette in luce come l'accettazione delle teorie gender comporti un ‘pendio scivoloso’: accettare queste premesse, significa ritenere che ogni individuo possa scegliere la sua ‘identità di genere’ a prescindere dalla sessualità del proprio corpo; significa anche ritenere che ogni ‘orientamento sessuale’ vale quanto qualsiasi altro (equiparando la etero-sessualità e la omo-sessualità, oltre alla bi-sessualità). Lo ‘scivolamento’ inevitabile nella direzione della ‘neutralità’ sessuale. Le teorie gender annullano il dualismo sessuale e aprono al “pansessualismo” o “polimorfismo” sessuale. E’ la lotta per l’abolizione dei confini tra naturale e contro-naturale; è l’apertura alla liberalizzazione nei confronti di qualsiasi scelta sessuale, in modo relativisticamente equivalente ed indifferente. Una deriva che l'autrice critica, sulla base di considerazioni e argomentazioni razionali.Parole chiave: gender, identità sessuale, orientamento sessuale, corpo, sessualità.AbstractThis paper analyzes the meanings of the term “gender” and examines gender-theory, highlighting its philosophical and conceptual implications, especially in Law. In particular, it emphasyzes how the acceptance of gener-theory leads to aslippery slope: acepting its premises means beleiving taht every individual can choose their gender identity, regardless ot their sexual bodily properties. It also means beleiving that any sexual orientation is as good as any other (by equating heterosexuality, homosexuality and bisexuality) Gender-theory leads to sexual “neutrality”, and breaks sexual dualism, opening to “pansexualism” or sexual “polimorphism” instead. Finally, the struggle for the abolition of the boundaries between the natural and the anti-natural is the opening to a free sexual choice politics. The author critizices such drift providing some rational considerations and arguments.Keywords: gender, sexual identity, sexual orientation, body, sexuality

On Assessing Trustworthy AI in Healthcare. Machine Learning as a Supportive Tool to Recognize Cardiac Arrest in Emergency Calls

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to greatly improve the delivery of healthcare and other services that advance population health and wellbeing. However, the use of AI in healthcare also brings potential risks that may cause unintended harm. To guide future developments in AI, the High-Level Expert Group on AI set up by the European Commission (EC), recently published ethics guidelines for what it terms “trustworthy” AI. These guidelines are aimed at a variety of stakeholders, especially guiding practitioners toward more ethical and more robust applications of AI. In line with efforts of the EC, AI ethics scholarship focuses increasingly on converting abstract principles into actionable recommendations. However, the interpretation, relevance, and implementation of trustworthy AI depend on the domain and the context in which the AI system is used. The main contribution of this paper is to demonstrate how to use the general AI HLEG trustworthy AI guidelines in practice in the healthcare domain. To this end, we present a best practice of assessing the use of machine learning as a supportive tool to recognize cardiac arrest in emergency calls. The AI system under assessment is currently in use in the city of Copenhagen in Denmark. The assessment is accomplished by an independent team composed of philosophers, policy makers, social scientists, technical, legal, and medical experts. By leveraging an interdisciplinary team, we aim to expose the complex trade-offs and the necessity for such thorough human review when tackling socio-technical applications of AI in healthcare. For the assessment, we use a process to assess trustworthy AI, called 1Z-Inspection® to identify specific challenges and potential ethical trade-offs when we consider AI in practice.</jats:p

Il concetto di persona tra bioetica e diritto

Dottorato di ricerca in bioetica. 7. ciclo. Coordinatore E. SgrecciaConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Biblioteca Centrale - P.le Aldo Moro, 7, Rome; Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale - P.za Cavalleggeri, 1, Florence / CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle RichercheSIGLEITItal

La contribución de la bioética en femenino a la praxis del cuidado

[ES] Sobre la base de la distinción entre bioética feminista y femenina, en el nivel de los supuestos teóricos y de la teoría, el artículo se ocupa de la noción de cuidado y del uso de esta noción en el ámbito de la bioética. A partir del análisis psicológico y moral de C. Gilligan, la autora considera la bioética del cuidado un nuevo paradigma en el ámbito del debate actual, junto a otros enfoques como son el contractualismo, el utilitarismo, la bioética de principios. El cuidado propone un modelo que se refiere a las relaciones, en condiciones de asimetría y de falta de reciprocidad: el cuidado está arraigado en una actitud interior, que implica también empatía (además de racionalidad), así como un compromiso activo, que se traduce en conducta o acción concreta, en situaciones y contextos específicos de experiencia cotidiana. Se examinan también las críticas a la noción de cuidado, con objeto de verificar, de modo crítico, la relevancia actual del debate bioético y la contribución que puede hacer a nivel teórico y práctico.[EN] The article distinguishes between feminist bioethics and feminine bioethics on the level of philosophical premises and theory, underlining the concept of care and the use of the concept in bioethics. Referring to the psycho-moral analysis of C. Gilligan, the author considers care bioethics as a new paradigm, among others in actual bioethical debate (such as Contractualism, Utilitarianism, Principialism). Care bioethics proposes a theoretical model that refers to relation in condition of non symmetry and non reciprocity. Care means the possession of an interior disposal which refers to empathy (besides rationality) and active engagement which become behaviour and concrete action, in particular context of everyday experience. The article examines the objections to the concept of care in order to verify, on critical level, the present relevance in bioethical debate and the contribution that it can give on theoretical and practical level