Análisis de la formación y consolidación del espacio social del área metropolitana de Madrid a través del estudio de las promociones desarrolladas por el sector inmobiliario entre 1957 y 1970

El presente trabajo de investigación aborda el proceso de formación y consolidación del espacio social del área metropolitana de Madrid a partir del análisis la actuación del sector inmobiliario desde los últimos años de la década de los cincuenta hasta finales de los 60, periodo donde se produjo un crecimiento del parque residencial madrileño sin precedentes que todavía hoy tiene una importante presencia en el conjunto de la edificación de Madrid. El periodo en el que se va estudiar la actuación del sector inmobiliario comienza con el inicio del primer gran ciclo de crecimiento de la promoción privada de viviendas en Madrid (Roch 1999), coincidente más o menos en el tiempo con la aprobación del Plan de Urgencia Social (1957-59) y con una de las épocas de mayor concentración de construcción de vivienda social (1954-59) (Sambricio1999), y acaba al final de la década de los años sesenta, momento en el cual ya se habían desarrollado, o estaban en fase de desarrollo, buena parte de las grandes operaciones inmobiliarias realizadas por el sector privado en ese ciclo (Bataller et al. 2004)

La huella social del desarrollo inmobiliario de los sesenta. Análisis de la formación y consolidación del espacio social del área metropolitana de madrid a través del estudio de la actuación del sector inmobiliario entre 1957 y 1970 de Madrid a través del estudio de la actuación del sector inmobiliario entre 1957 y 1970

Si se quiere contemplar la cohesión social como una cuestión básica dentro de las políticas de sostenibilidad, como parecen impulsar todas las directivas europeas que abordan esta cuestión, adquiere vital relevancia el estudio de la forma en que se ha desarrollado a lo largo del tiempo la segregación económica de la población en las áreas urbanas. En este sentido la presente comunicación proviene de una extensa investigación que abordaba el papel que jugaron las promociones privadas de viviendas que se desarrollaron desde mediados de los cincuenta hasta finales de los sesenta en la formación del actual mapa de rentas del área metropolitana de Madrid

Modelling of gas hydrates in sedimentary systems : Methane hydrates impact on flow through porous media

In nature, gas hydrates exist in areas of permafrost and in shallow subsurface sediments at ocean depths of more than 300-500 metres. In terms of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of the United Nations, better understanding of hydrates in nature can play a role in achieving energy security (SDG7), tackling climate change (SDG13) and increasing sustainability in the use of oceans (SDG14). Hydrates represent a potential energy resource as one litre of methane hydrate contains 180 litres of methane. However, if heat stress is induced by either artificial or natural causes, its destabilisation can result in the addition of more methane to the ocean-atmosphere system. At the same time, they can trigger geohazards in their natural environments. The knowledge of the gas hydrate dynamics when changes are imposed either naturally or artificially by drilling and gas exploitation is not sufficiently understood. To contribute to the understanding of gas hydrate dynamics in nature, we used a numerical simulator of hydrates in porous media to reproduce and study hydrate-related processes at different scales. The TOUGH+HYDRATE (T+H) code was the main tool used in this study. It simulates the behaviour of methane hydrate in sediments and handles both multiphase and multicomponent flow and couples heat and mass flow through porous and fractured media. To streamline the use of T+H, it was necessary to build versatile pre- and post-processing tools. These tools were written in Python and mainly process the input and output data so that the candidate could streamline access to the data, perform analysis, and prepare visualisations. The use of these tools was essential to produce the bulk of the results and accompanying figures presented in this thesis. The scientific output of this thesis consists of three scientific papers that present numerical modelling of hydrates in porous media in different scenarios. Paper 1 and paper 2 focus on modelling laboratory experiments of hydrate-bearing porous media. Paper 1 focusses on modelling previously acquired measurements of methane relative permeability in hydrate bearing sandstone. Simulations show that the experimental values are difficult to predict by using a homogeneous distribution of hydrates throughout the sample. The experimental magnetic resonance imaging data also showed that the hydrate distribution can be heterogeneous, meaning that the hydrates create patches. Initialising the model with a heterogeneous distribution yielded better results. These results show the impact of heterogeneity on the distribution of hydrate saturation and suggest that small amounts of hydrate can have a disproportionately large effect on the permeability. Therefore, in those cases, the use of simple models will give erroneous results because of the too high permeability. Paper 2 studies the effect of kaolin clay on the growth of hydrates. Clay minerals are common in subsurface sediments. This study presents both experimental and modelled results. The experiments consist of the growth of methane hydrate in sand mixtures with different amounts of kaolin clay. Experimental results suggest that both clay content and initial fluid phase saturation have a large impact on the hydrate growth rate and final hydrate saturation, respectively. The experiments are simulated using particle size as a proxy for the clay content. The simulations confirm the main two effects inferred from the experiments. However, the discrepancies between the two suggest that additional mechanisms are hindering fluid flow. Paper 3 switches to mechanisms that occur on a larger temporal and spatial scale. The dynamics of gas hydrates over longer time scales (between 100 and 600 thousand years) were simulated during different sedimentation rates and permeabilities. The results clearly show the connections between all of the detailed physical mechanisms that work during the melting and reforming of the hydrates. Hydrate melting and reformation occur in a stepwise manner, following the continuous sedimentation. The pattern of change is the result of a combination of factors, including the sedimentation rate (heating) and the intrinsic transport properties of the sediments. The work has been fully theoretical and consisted of careful planning of simulations and the collection of experimental data from both laboratory and field. Cooperation with other research fellows and staff at the Institute for Physics and Technology at the University of Bergen has been important. The results of this work are relevant for the understanding of natural gas hydrates in the subsurface. They are applicable to the role of hydrates as energy resources and geohazards. They may also be applicable to the ongoing research on the role of hydrates in climate. Real data from nature are hard to collect, and observations other than seismic are also difficult to obtain. There is no evidence that methane in the atmosphere originates from hydrates, but we cannot confirm its fate if the heating of permafrost and oceans continues. What we can tell is that the melting and freezing of the hydrates will probably be very slow processes. This work may provide a tool to calculate the time it will take for melting hydrates to reach the atmosphere. Then, hydrates can be entered into the climate gas budget of the planet.Doktorgradsavhandlin

Toward Efficient Organic Photovoltaics: From Formulation and Novel Materials to Device Architectures

Organic photovoltaic (OPV) offer unique advantages such as molecular engineering, flexibility and roll-to-roll manufacturing that can significantly reduce production costs. However, their efficiencies still lag behind inorganic PVs. It has been demonstrated that morphology control and recombination mechanisms play a key role in the efficiency. In this way, methods to enhance the performance by enabling morphology tuneability to further optimise OPVs are needed. To this end, this thesis introduces three novel approaches that can be utilised to improve the efficiency in OPVs. In the first part of this work, a formulation approach is investigated by examining OPVs in which the morphology is optimised by ternary blends. Particularly, donor polymers P3HT, PTB7 and fullerene acceptors PC71BM and ICBA were systematically characterised. It is shown that different combinations of ternary blends outperformed binary controls. Results demonstrated that depending on the donor material used, the molecular intermixing of the constituents was different, yielding varied impacts on the performance and thus determining whether ternary blends offer a benefit or not. The second approach reviewed consisted in the study of charge transport in novel materials, specifically non-fullerenes (NFA), hybrid fullerenes and fullerenes. For the first time, electron mobility was probed, which can be a limiting factor of the efficiency. It was demonstrated that NFA realised higher electron mobilities (closer to benchmark PCBM) in contrast to hybrid fullerenes, which yielded low mobilities. It was shown that the synthetic approach utilised to fabricate these compounds and its resulting morphology had a profound impact in their capability to mediate electron transport. For the third method, device architectures were simulated in the form of multi junction OPVs termed as tandems. In such devices, a current matching between photoactive layers is generally required to maximise the performance. Through advanced modelling, it was shown that devices with unbalanced current matching are dominated by recombination losses of charges in the layer doing most of the absorption. It was demonstrated that changing the transport properties of the layer performing least of the absorption could assist alleviating these losses. It is also shown that different illumination conditions can further reduce the performance in tandem OPVs and that one can mitigate these reductions by suitable materials selection

Interaction between the DNA repair machinery and the adeno-associated virus (AAV) : vector transduction and site-specific integration

Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV-2) is a nonpathogenic, replication defective parvovirus containing a single-stranded DNA genome of 4.7 kb. Despite the increasing utilization of recombinant vectors derived from this virus (rAAV) in gene transfer applications, several aspects of the biology of both the wild type virus and of its vectors remain poorly understood. Here we developed a technique to visualize the conversion of rAAV vector genomes from single-stranded (ss) to double-stranded (ds) DNA in real time. We report that rAAV DNA accumulates into discrete foci inside the nucleus. These rAAV foci are defined in number, increase in size over time after transduction, and their presence correlates with the efficiency of cell transduction. These structures overlap with, or lie in close proximity to, the foci in which proteins of the MRN (Mrell-Rad50-Nbsl) complex and Mdcl accumulate after DNA damage. Silencing of Nbsl or Mdcl by RNA interference markedly increases the formation of rAAV foci, the extent of rAAV transduction, and AAV Rep dependent site-specific integration at chromosome 19q.l3.3-qter, so called AAVS1 locus. The adenovirus E4orf6 and ElB55k proteins-mediated degradation of the MRN complex also correlated with high levels of rAAV transduction and foci formation. Taken together, these observations indicate that the MRN complex plays an inhibitory role at the level of rAAV ss to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome conversion, vector transduction, and site-specific integration. On the other hand, similar experiments using siRNAs against histone H2AX, Rad52, and DNA-PKcs indicated that these factors are required for effective rAAV transduction and site-specific integration

Nueva Metodología Para Clasificar Datos de Series Temporales usando el Algoritmo Biclustering

En este trabajo se propone una metodología de clasificación de series temporales usando la técnica de extracción de características y el algoritmo de clasificación Biclustering, la cual permite trabajar con series temporales de distintas longitudes y con datos faltantes. Los resultados obtenidos con esta metodología son mejores al ser comparados con los obtenidos por medio del método tradicional K-medias usando datos experimentales

La Especificación de Modelos de Series de Tiempo: Una Propuesta para el Caso no Linea

En este trabajo se propone una metodología para la identificación correcta de modelos de series de tiempo no lineales que captura el comportamiento real de las series temporales y le permita al investigador obtener mayor comodidad en el tratamiento de datos no lineales. Garantizándole la elección del mejor modelo basado en diferentes pruebas de hipótesis de linealidad y criterios de decisión. La metodología es validada por medio de datos simulados y datos reales, los resultados obtenidos son satisfactorios y muestran el buen comportamiento de la misma

Equine Erythrocyte Lysed Exposed to T-Butyl Hydroperoxide as a Model to Study the Oxidative Stress Caused by Exercise Using a Chemiluminescence Assay

The present investigation was carried out to determine the presence of oxidative alterations in the horses erythrocyte membrane during a high intensity exercise test. The degree of peroxidation was estimated by chemiluminescence using a suspension of lysed erythrocytes incubated with t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). Differences were observed in the total values of chemiluminescence throughout the exercise routine, with higher values of light emission obtained with the animal at rest in relation to those observed during and after exercise.The conclusions of this study are the existence of changes in the erythrocyte membranes of the horses exposed to physical exertion, probably associated with the release of ROS caused by the exercise and that the determination of chemiluminescence in suspension of lysates erythrocyte is a sensitive assay applied to detect the existence of oxidative stress associated to physical exercise.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Equine Erythrocyte Lysed Exposed to T-Butyl Hydroperoxide as a Model to Study the Oxidative Stress Caused by Exercise Using a Chemiluminescence Assay

The present investigation was carried out to determine the presence of oxidative alterations in the horses erythrocyte membrane during a high intensity exercise test. The degree of peroxidation was estimated by chemiluminescence using a suspension of lysed erythrocytes incubated with t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). Differences were observed in the total values of chemiluminescence throughout the exercise routine, with higher values of light emission obtained with the animal at rest in relation to those observed during and after exercise.The conclusions of this study are the existence of changes in the erythrocyte membranes of the horses exposed to physical exertion, probably associated with the release of ROS caused by the exercise and that the determination of chemiluminescence in suspension of lysates erythrocyte is a sensitive assay applied to detect the existence of oxidative stress associated to physical exercise.Facultad de Ciencias Veterinaria

Experiencia de diez años de un área de rehabilitación integral de la periferia de Madrid y propuesta para un nuevo planeamiento

San Cristóbal de los Ángeles, barrio construido a mediados del siglo XX en la periferia de Madrid, nos sirve como objeto de análisis de los procesos de rehabilitación integral impulsados por las políticas nacionales, autonómicas y municipales en Madrid. El barrio, representativo en algunos aspectos de buena parte del parque residencial madrileño, destaca por presentar excesiva homogeneidad tipológica, baja calidad constructiva, mal comportamiento climático, graves problemas de accesibilidad y por acoger una población muy vulnerable. No obstante, los problemas de orden estructural del barrio le confieren unas características especiales, aunque no únicas, dentro del parque residencial afectado por la política de rehabilitación de barrios. Estos problemas han llevado a tener que aplicar políticas de renovación en algunas edificaciones del barrio