Possible relations among the habitat of Lycosa fasciiventris (DuFouit) (Araneae,Lycosidae) and its behavior

Se describe el hábitat y los nidos de Lycosa fasciiventris DUFOUR (Araneae, lycosidae);asimismo se estudian algunos parámetros poblacionales de tres localizaciones: densidad, distan-cia entre nidos y proporción entre individuos adultos e individuos subadultos. Se estudia la correlación entre el tamaño de la araña y la profundidad y el diámetro delnido y se discute su relación con el comportamiento de la arañaThe habitat and nests of Lycosa fasciiventris DUFOUR (Araneae, Lycosidae) are described together with some population parameters of three places: density, distance between nests andthe ratio between adult spiders and non-adult ones. The correlations between the spider size and the depth and diameter of the nest are studied;the relations of this correlation and spider behaviour are discusse

Anterior lateral eyes of Lycosa tarantula (Araneae: Lycosidae) are used during orientation to detect changes in the visual structure of the substratum

Previous studies in the wolf spider Lycosa tarantula (Linnaeus 1758) have shown that homing is carried out by path integration and that, in the absence of information relative to the sun’s position or any pattern of polarized light, L. tarantula obtains information as to the angle it must turn to home through the anterior lateral eyes (ALEs). In the present study, spiders were trained to walk over a black-and-white grating and afterwards tested either over a white substratum, the same substratum used for training or the same substratum rotated 90deg (two groups: ALEs covered and only ALEs uncovered; they were tested first without their eyes covered and then with their eyes covered). The directional bearing was measured both in training and test conditions. Under the white or the same substratum in test conditions, the directional bearing had the same mean direction and a distribution similar to that of the training sessions. When the substratum was rotated 90deg, the directional bearing had the same mean direction but the distribution was significantly different from that of the training sessions. Moreover, if ALEs were covered, spiders behaved as if the substratum had not been rotated and the directional bearing distribution was similar to that of the training sessions. But, if ALEs were the only eyes uncovered, spiders behaved as if no eyes were covered and directional bearing distribution was similar to that of the test condition. It is suggested that, when homing, L. tarantula uses both idiothetic information and visual information gathered through ALEs. These findings present the first evidence that spiders can use the visual structure of the substratum to return hom

Un estudio sobre el comportamiento predador de Lycora Fasciiventris (Araneae, Lycosidae)

Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, leída en 1984.ProQuestFac. de Ciencias BiológicasTRUEpu

Role of the different eyes in the visual odometry in the Wolf spider Lycosa tarantula (Araneae, Lycosidae)

The wolf spider Lycosa tarantula returns home by means of path integration. Previous studies demonstrated: (i) that the angular component of the outbound run is measured using a polarized-light compass associated with the anterior median eyes; (ii) changes in direction of the substratum are detected by the anterior lateral eyes (ALEs); and (iii) in relation to the linear component of the outbound run, an increase of optic flow, in either the lateral or ventral fields of view, caused spiders to search for the burrow at a point nearer to the goal. However, the role of the secondary eyes [ALEs, posterior lateral eyes (PLEs) and posterior median eyes (PMEs)] in the perception of this optic flow and the importance of them for gauging the distance walked is still unknown. In this study, lateral or ventral gratings of wavelength λ=1 cm were used, with two groups of spiders in each setup: (1) PLEs+PMEs covered and (2) ALEs covered. The largest reduction in the distance walked to return to the burrow was observed with the ventral grating/ALEs covered. These results show the importance of the previously neglected ALEs for the visual behavior of these spiders. The possibility of gathering information for locomotion from the three pairs of secondary eyes in the mushroom bodies is discusse

Electroretinography and circadian rhythm in Lycosa tarentula (Araneae, Lycosidae)

Electroretinography reveals the existence of a well marked circadian rhythm. Anterior eyes have a high nocturnal sensitivity, whereas posterior eyes have a high diurnal sensitivit

La psicopatía: aspectos legales y neurocientíficos

Psychopathy is characterised by emotional disturbances that affect interpersonal behaviour and decision-making. The objective of this paper is to review the most recent contributions to the field of neuroscienceof psychopathy and the implications that this disorder has on the criminal legal field. In regards to this lastaspect, we evaluate the issue of psychopaths’ accountability and the incidence of psychopathy in manyother penal institutions. In terms of the contributions of neuroscience, we will focus on the orbitofrontal(ofPFC) and ventromedial (vmPFC) regions of the frontal lobes and on the amygdala. Data spanningfrom the nineteenth century to the present indicate that damage to the ofPFC and vmPFC is the basis ofbehaviours that have been referred to as pseudopsychopathic. The earlier during brain development thedamage occurs, the more likely these behaviours will resemble those of psychopaths. The damage to theamygdala is rather related to impairments in the ability to distinguish facial expressions of fear and thecapacity to feel emotions. Damage to ofPFC, vmPFC, and amygdala are highly relevant to the expressionof pseudopsychopathic behavioursLa psicopatía se caracteriza por alteraciones emocionales que afectan a la conducta interpersonal y la toma de decisiones. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar las contribuciones más recientes al campo dela neurociencia de la psicopatía y las implicaciones que tiene este desorden en el ámbito legal criminal.En relación a este último aspecto, analizamos la cuestión de la responsabilidad de los psicópatas y laincidencia de la psicopatía en muchas otras instituciones penales. En relación a las contribuciones de laneurociencia, nos centraremos en las contribuciones de las regiones orbitofrontal (CPFof) y ventromedial(CPFvm) de los lóbulos frontales y en la amígdala. Los datos que cubren desde el siglo XIX a la actual-idad indican que el da˜no a la CPFof y la CPFvm se encuentra en la base de las conductas que han sidodenominadas pseudopsicopáticas. Cuanto más temprano ocurra el da˜no en el cerebro más probable esque estas conductas se parezcan a las de los psicópatas. El da˜no a la amígdala está más bien relacionadocon alteraciones en la capacidad de distinguir las expresiones faciales de miedo y con la capacidad desentir emociones. El da˜no a la CPFof, la CPFvm y la amígdala es muy relevante para la expresión de lasconductas pseudopsicopáticasThis study was conducted as part of the research project “Anti-social personality disorder, psychopathy, and criminal reiteration [Trastorno antisocial de la personalidad, psicopatía y reiteracióndelictiva]” (CEMU-2013.23), from the Autónoma University of Madri

Healthcare workers hospitalized due to COVID-19 have no higher risk of death than general population. Data from the Spanish SEMI-COVID-19 Registry

Aim To determine whether healthcare workers (HCW) hospitalized in Spain due to COVID-19 have a worse prognosis than non-healthcare workers (NHCW). Methods Observational cohort study based on the SEMI-COVID-19 Registry, a nationwide registry that collects sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data on patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in Spain. Patients aged 20-65 years were selected. A multivariate logistic regression model was performed to identify factors associated with mortality. Results As of 22 May 2020, 4393 patients were included, of whom 419 (9.5%) were HCW. Median (interquartile range) age of HCW was 52 (15) years and 62.4% were women. Prevalence of comorbidities and severe radiological findings upon admission were less frequent in HCW. There were no difference in need of respiratory support and admission to intensive care unit, but occurrence of sepsis and in-hospital mortality was lower in HCW (1.7% vs. 3.9%; p = 0.024 and 0.7% vs. 4.8%; p<0.001 respectively). Age, male sex and comorbidity, were independently associated with higher in-hospital mortality and healthcare working with lower mortality (OR 0.211, 95%CI 0.067-0.667, p = 0.008). 30-days survival was higher in HCW (0.968 vs. 0.851 p<0.001). Conclusions Hospitalized COVID-19 HCW had fewer comorbidities and a better prognosis than NHCW. Our results suggest that professional exposure to COVID-19 in HCW does not carry more clinical severity nor mortality

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Polarized-light vision in spiders

This paper reviews the anatomical, physiological, and behavioral studies carried out on polarized-light vision in spiders. This invertebrate group has a variable number of simple eyes, according to the family. The eyes are designated as principal eyes or anterior median eyes (AMEs), and the other pairs, called secondary eyes, are the anterior lateral eyes (ALEs), the posterior median eyes (PMEs) and posterior lateral eyes (PLEs). The retinas of these eyes have rhabdomeric photoreceptors. This paper summarizes the arrangement of the two-channel system that could allow some spiders to detect the polarized skylight patterns either in AMEs or their PMEs. The physiological studies carried out on some species, which reveal the presence of UV and green receptors in the AME retinas are also described. Finally, the behavioral studies that show that in all species of spiders, except in the family Gnaphosidae, the AMEs are functionally related to palarized-light vision, are reviewed. In the case of Gnaphosidae, the polarized-light perception is through the PMEs. Spiders, in comparison with the other prominent group of terrestrial arthropods, the insects, need more research into their anatomy, physiology and behavior related to polarized ligh