Desplazamiento interno forzado en Colombia; Historia, Derechos Humanos y las obligaciones del estado

Trabajo de Conclusión de Curso presentado al instituto Latino- Americano de Economía, Sociedad y Política de la Universidad Federal de la Integración Latino- americana, como requisito parcial a la obtención del título Bacharel en Relaciones Internacionales e Integración Orientador: Profa. Dra. Gisele RicobomA inicios del siglo XX, en Colombia se estaban iniciando hechos de violencia, que hoy en día el pueblo colombiano sigue experimentando. A partir de la violencia bipartidista a inicios de siglo, hasta los gobiernos actuales. El conflicto armado ha dejado su rastro en la población colombiana directa o indirectamente. Uno de estos flagelos es el desplazamiento interno forzado, que en Colombia a raíz de la duración de la violencia, la ha llevado a ser el segundo país en todo el mundo, con mayor número de personas en esta condición. El fenómeno del desplazamiento ha marcado a gran parte del pueblo colombiano. El gobierno que en parte es causante de este flagelo, en las últimas décadas ha emprendido una lucha por combatir el desplazamiento forzado. Sin embargo, la gestión ha sido insuficiente, y el fenómeno continúa. Para demostrar cómo ha sido el desplazamiento y la participación estatal como ente protector, este trabajo realiza un recuento histórico del conflicto armado colombiano, a fin de relacionarlo con la historicidad del desplazamiento, poniendo en evidencia los distintos actores beligerantes que causan este hecho. También se evidencia la norma colombiana en relación a los derechos humanos que atiende esto, para posteriormente demostrar la falta de ayuda que presta el gobierno a esta población. Pero que, actualmente a pesar de los esfuerzos, el desplazamiento continúa siendo un hecho alarmante que identifica a Colombia.At the beginning of the twentieth century, there were starting violence facts in Colombia, that today people are still experimenting. Starting with the two-party violence, until actual governments. The internal conflict has left his trace in the Colombian population directly or in-directly. One of this traces is the internal displacement. In Colombia due to the long duration of the violence, the country is now the second with most population on this condition in the world. This misfortune has marked on many Colombian people. The government, who is in part cause of this trace, has released recently a fight against the internal displacement. However, the actions of this institution has not been enough, and this misfortune continues. To demonstrate how the displacement is, and the participation of the government as a protector entity, this work makes an historical re-count of the Colombian internal conflict, whit the intention to relate the history of the displacement people, showing the evidence about different violent actors who have been caused this events. Also is demonstrated the Colombian law in association with the human rights for attending them, and later to evidence the lack of assistance from the government to this population. Confirming that, despite the efforts, the displacement is still a critical situation in Colombia

Structure and composition of dung-beetles communities (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) in diferentes cattle systems of atlantic forest in Argentina

Se realizó un inventario de la diversidad taxonómica de las comunidades de escarabajosestercoleros en sistemas ganaderos, bajo tres modalidades en el bosque Atlántico de Argentina: 1)parquizados, ganadería en bosque nativo, 2) silvopastoriles, ganadería en plantaciones de pino, 3)potreros, ganadería en pastizales abiertos. Se registraron un total de 759 individuos correspondientes a29 especies/morfo-especies. Canthon quinquemaculatus fue la especie más abundante de todo elmuestreo. En los sistemas de parquizados se colectaron el 71% del total de los individuos (n=541),mientras que en los potreros se colecto apenas el 6% (n=43). Los parquizados son los usos de la tierraque mejor conservan la fauna nativa de estercoleros en comparación con los sistemas silvopastoriles ypotreros.We performed a taxonomical inventory of dung beetles diversity on three different cattle systems in the Atlantic forest of Argentina: 1) “parquizados”, cattle systems in native forest, 2) silvopastoral, cattle systems in pine plantations, 3) pastures, cattle systems in open grazing. We selected five replicates of each cattle system and five more for native forest. A total of 759 individuals were collected, from 29 species/morpho-species. Canthon quinquemaculatus was the most abundant species in all habitats. The large majority of individuals were collected in “Parquizados“(71%), while only 6% were collected in pastures (n=43). “Parquizados” were the land uses that better preserves the native fauna compare to silvopastoral and pastures systems.Fil: Gomez Cifuentes, Andres Mauricio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; ArgentinaFil: Gimenez Gomez, Victoria Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; ArgentinaFil: Munevar Lozano, Ana Katerinne. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; ArgentinaFil: Zurita, Gustavo Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentin

Low-cost Particulate Matter Sensors and Their Future Use with Unmanned Vehicles

In the past two decades, images have surfaced depicting severe smog and air pollution conditions blanketing urban environments. While shocking, these images shine light on the increasing level of pollution in the atmosphere. One pollutant of particular concern is Particulate Matter (PM), which is defined as any solid and/or liquid particles suspended or dispersed in the atmosphere. PM comes in three major size classifications: PM10, PM2.5, and PM1, where the number refers to the aerodynamic diameter of the particles, in microns. In an effort to advance research and curve the effects of PM in the atmosphere, low-cost PM sensors (LCPMS) have flooded the market in recent years. LCPMS use the light scattering properties of atmospheric particles, including Rayleigh and Mie scattering, or gravitational methods to measure particle concentrations. This novel sensor technology is relatively low-cost, with prices varying from $30-500 per sensor. The inexpensive nature of LCPMS makes PM research and data collection more attainable than ever before for individual and academic use. The lightweight and compact nature of most LCPMS allows them to become a prime candidate for use on unmanned aircraft (UA). Due to their ability to reach higher altitudes and travel long distances, UA have the potential to advance PM research past the realms of ground-level data analysis and give a better understanding of PM concentrations and composition at higher altitudes. Unfortunately, many of the new LCPMS on the market have flaws in their computation and general use; including but not limited to: build quality, mis-calibration, and erroneous readings in non-standard settings. Future research should examine the effectiveness and viability of using LCPMS on UA to collect data at varying altitudes. Hence, the aim of this study is to review the current state of LCPMS, with a focus on those that were used on UA, while noting discrepancies and flaws in the market offerings of LCPMS at the present moment. Ultimately, the better characterization of LCPMS on UA will enhance their use and allow for remedies to air pollution-stricken areas

Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) in the semideciduous Atlantic Forest: An ecological and morphological trait dataset for functional studies

Background The semideciduous Atlantic Forest is one of the most diverse ecosystems in the world with a great diversity of spiders. Most spider-related studies in this ecosystem focused on species richness and composition; however, little is known about their trait diversity (including morphological, ecological and/or physiological traits). Two main datasets were compiled to generate a complete record of spider traits for this ecosystem. New information Here, we present two datasets about 259 species of spiders from the semideciduous Atlantic Forest of Argentina. The trait data set compiled information of morphological and ecological traits such as body size, femur length, ocular distance, foraging strategy, prey range, circadian activity and stratum preference; traits were assessed by species considering sexual dimorphism. The second dataset included information about phenology (season when spiders were collected), number of individuals assessed by species and presence/absence of spiders in the different sample sites. This dataset has high potential to help researchers in recording the state of a component of biodiversity (functional) and contributes with the study of ecosystem services and species conservation.Fil: Munevar Lozano, Ana Katerinne. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; ArgentinaFil: Cardoso, Pedro. University of Helsinki; FinlandiaFil: Piñanez Espejo, Yolanda María Guadalupe. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; ArgentinaFil: Zurita, Gustavo Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentin

The use of Low-Cost Particulate Matter Sensors and Their Future use with Unmanned Aircrafts

Atmospheric pollution is responsible for killing more than seven million people around the globe, according to the World Health Organization. Among the pollutants that contribute to air pollution, aerosols, defined as any liquid or solid particulate matter suspended or dispersed in the atmosphere, are a significant contributor to human morbidity and mortality. Current attempts to measure atmospheric PM are not only cumbersome and costly but also lack high spatiotemporal resolution. Recently, low cost sensors have been used to address these economic, practical, and technological shortcomings. This research aims at using LCSs in diverse environments and across different seasons in order to address the existing infrastructure’s spatial and temporal limitations. Commercial Low-cost sensors will be placed in three different operational modes in order to characterize the horizontal and vertical profiles of atmospheric PM. These modes vary in the dimensions that they sample: (1) stationary 1D collocated with a PM monitor based on the federal equivalent method at a suburban site, (2) mobile on a manned vehicle 2D touring the ERAU campus, and (3) mobile on unmanned vehicle 3D flying at urban, suburban, and rural sites. The different commercial LCSs will be used in this effort, relying on light scattering techniques or optical particle counters. Validation will take place by: (1) collocating LCSs with EPA monitoring stations, (2) comparing data to several other PM measurement devices, and (3) mounting a PM measurement device to a tethered balloon

EVALUATION OF THE STRUCTURAL, MORPHOLOGICAL MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE Bi1-XSmXFeO3 SYSTEM

This paper reports the synthesis of the Bi1-xSmxFeO3 system (x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.10) obtained by thesolid-state reaction method at 1073.15 K for 15 h. Characterization allowed evaluating the effect of Sm3+ insertion on thestructural, morphological and magnetic properties of the bismuth ferrite. Structural characterization was made by X-rayDiffraction (XRD) and Rietveld refinement, indicating the formation of a rhombohedral majority phase of the space groupR3c (161) with a proportion higher than the reported up to now. The morphological characterization through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) allowed concluding that the insertion of samarium decreases the particle size from 7.5 μm to 2.5 μm, thanks to the smaller ionic radius, which also led to the contraction of the lattice parameters. The magnetic analysis showed a typical ferromagnetic behaviour in all of the synthesized samples, with the presence of a PM-AFM transition at 260 K.Este artículo reporta la síntesis del sistema Bi1-xSmxFeO3 (x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 y 0.10) obtenido por el método dereacción en estado sólido a 1073.15 K durante 15 h. La caracterización permitió evaluar el efecto de la inserción de Sm3+ sobre las propiedades estructurales, morfológicas y magnéticas de la ferrita de bismuto. La caracterización estructural se realizó mediante Difracción de Rayos X (XRD) y refinamiento de Rietveld, lo que indica la formación de una fase romboédricamayoritaria del grupo espacial R3c (161) con una proporción superior a la reportada hasta ahora. La caracterización morfológica mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) permitió concluir que la inserción de samario disminuye el tamaño de partícula de 7.5 μm a 2.5 μm, gracias al menor radio iónico, que también condujo a la contracción de los parámetros reticulares. El análisis magnético mostró un comportamiento ferromagnético típico en todas las muestras sintetizadas, con la presencia de una transición PM-AFM a 260 K

Certifying Current & Future Buildings on the Daytona Beach Campus as L.E.E.D.

Sustainability has become a topic of intrigue amongst the public in the past decade across the world. Part of this push towards a ‘greener’ and more ‘sustainable’ planet has to do with concerns of how humanity is already going through never-before-seen climatic events and changes to the natural environment. Combined with a goal to improve the world for future generations, many institutions have taken steps to reduce their impact on the environment and become more sustainable. Universities and schools of higher education have a vested concern in becoming more sustainable. As schools, universities are often looked at to affirm current scientific discoveries and beliefs, and to set trends and precedents in sustainability. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University operates at the intersection of science and innovation, as a leader in all things related to science, sustainability is important for the campus in order to create a long lasting legacy of environmental resilience and honor. Embry-Riddle’s meagerly-existing sustainability plan is not sufficient to cement the school’s legacy. Combined with the bustling urban area, operation of combustion-engine piston aircraft, and buildings erected in the 1950’s, Embry-Riddle has a duty to future generations of students to preserve the campus and the environment around it through sustainable practices. Using a model following the science of LEED certified buildings, Embry-Riddle should design future buildings to be LEED-accredited and multi-use. This includes integration of LEED practices during the planning of future buildings and also shifting older-buildings to more green and sustainable practices. In the end, assessment of the success of this project will be analyzed through modeling and comparing with the current baseline impacts the Embry-Riddle buildings have

The Effect on Embry-Riddle’s Sustainability if Current and Future Buildings are Certified as LEED on the Daytona Beach, FL Campus

Embry-Riddle has asserted itself as an innovative, STEM-driven university. Throughout Embry-Riddle’s Daytona Beach campus, there is a mix of modern and dated buildings-- this is true both in architecture and sustainability measures. Embry-Riddle’s Daytona Beach campus must take measures to preserve its community by implementing more sustainable practices such as transitioning all buildings to LEED (Leader in Energy and Environmental Design) Certified Buildings. The aim of this project is to convert the Lehman College of Engineering, Mori Hosseini Student Union, and Doolittle Hall to LEED Certified Buildings, while integrating the three pillars of sustainability: economics, social science, and environmentalism. These buildings were chosen due to their differing construction techniques, population density, and integrated technologies. The project’s methodology involves interviewing the Embry-Riddle Facilities Management team to determine each building’s current sustainable practices. Each building will receive a plan with changes on how it could ultimately achieve LEED certification. Analysis will consist of the feasibility of said certification for each building, cost estimates, and plan for completion. Using the USGBC’s (U.S. Green Building Council) guidelines for certification, success of this project will be assessed both in the short (receiving LEED certifications), and long term (tracking trends of more efficient energy use, cost savings, and carbon footprint). Completion of this project will create a sustainable environment for Embry-Riddle, economic opportunities for the university, and create a culture of social awareness wherein students and administration participate in positive environmental endeavors and sustainable growth

Dung beetles diversity and their role in nutrient cycling in livestock systems of the dry Chaco

Dung beetles represent one of the main animal groups involved in the cycling of cattle dung, modifying soil physicochemical properties, and reducing parasite incidence. However, their diversity and activity in cattle areas depends on conserving critical resources and conditions, including native vegetative composition, microclimatic and soil conditions. Whereas most previous studies were conducted in humid forests, our objective was to experimentally study the diversity and role of dung beetles in soil nutrient dynamics in native forests and shrub savannas with cattle ranching in the dry Chaco of Argentina. Using pitfall traps, we collected dung beetles in both habitats. In cow exclusions, we buried two plastic containers filled with soil and two kg of fresh cow dung on the surface and covered one with a mosquito net to prevent the access of dung beetles. After three months, we collected soil samples and analyzed nutrient contents and soil structure. Contrary to previous studies, the abundance and richness of dung beetles were higher in savannas than in native forests. In both habitats, the activity of dung beetles strongly increases phosphorous and potassium contents; however, consistent with the higher abundance, this effect was more marked in shrub savannas. In addition, we observed higher contents of total organic carbon, electrical conductivity, and calcium in native forests. Our results emphasize the critical role of dung beetles in maintaining soil quality in the most extended cattle management practices of the dry Chaco. Moreover, our results were opposite to previous studies conducted in humid forests, which could be associated with greater tolerance of native species to extreme microclimate conditions in the dry Chaco.Fil: Gomez Cifuentes, Andres Mauricio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; ArgentinaFil: Munevar Lozano, Ana Katerinne. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; ArgentinaFil: Zurita, Gustavo Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentin

From forest to forestry: Reassembly of spider communities after native forest replacement by pine monocultures

Worldwide, natural ecosystems have been replaced by intensive productive systems. This has led to an extreme simplification of habitat structure and loss of ecosystem heterogeneity but also might reduce the opportunities for species co-occurrence. Anthropogenic disturbances offer an opportunity to explore how the functional diversity of spiders within a highly diverse ecosystem such as a subtropical forest change under intensive productive systems such as monoculture tree plantations. It allows to study the mechanisms underlying the community re-assemblage process. Using a set of morphological and ecological traits of 259 species, the habitat filtering hypothesis was tested on spider communities inhabiting pine monocultures at different ages, where the stabilisation of habitat conditions such as vegetation complexity, maximum temperature/relative humidity and prey availability along the plantation cycle growth will promote spider colonisation of these productive areas. The conversion of native forest to pine monocultures decreased species and trait richness of spiders. Moreover, spiders from both communities differed in their identity but exhibited similar functional traits (low trait replacement). Variation in trait composition of spiders was explained by changes in vertical stratification complexity, tree density and relative humidity, rather than prey availability. The mechanistic processes structuring the spider community were not clear. Spiders from pine plantations might experience frequent changes in composition due to high species replacement levels in space and time. Because pine plantations harbour only a few species and exhibit low functional richness, the pressure for stabilisation of community composition can be low.Fil: Munevar Lozano, Ana Katerinne. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical; Argentina. University of Helsinki; FinlandiaFil: Cardoso, Pedro. University of Helsinki; FinlandiaFil: Zurita, Gustavo Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentin