On the justification of intergroup violence: The roles of procedural justice, police legitimacy and group identity in attitudes towards violence among indigenous people

Objective Why do people justify intergroup violence? In this paper we examine attitudes towards violence perpetrated by indigenous activists to claim for rights and violence by pólice officers against indigenous people. We assess the role that perceived pólice legitimacy, procedurally just policing towards the indigenous minority group and group identity play in the justification of intergroup violence. Method We present findings from two surveys (Study 1, n=1493, Study 2, n=198) and an experiment (Study 3, n=76) conducted among indigenous people in Chile. Studies 1 and 2 measure perceptions of police procedural justice towards indigenous people. Study 3 manipulates the fairness with which police officers treat indigenous people. Effects of procedural justice on police legitimacy (Studies 2 and 3) and attitudes towards violence for social change and social control (Studies 1-3) are analyzed. Result Higher perceptions of procedurally just policing towards indigenous people predict more support for police violence and less support for violence perpetrated by indigenous activists. These effects are mediated by perceived police legitimacy and moderated by identification with the minority group. Among people who identify strongly with their indigenous group, perceiving high procedural justice predicts greater police legitimacy, greater support for police violence, and lesser support for violence perpetrated by indigenous activists

Flow Sensor Integration for Precision Dispensing of Visco-Elastic Biomaterials

Bioprinting is a manufacturing process that constructs devices from the bottom up by layering biomaterials in precise patterns. At Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, bioprinting is performed using extrusion 3D printing, a process that uses pressure to drive the biomaterials through a syringe and on to a printing stage. These biomaterials are typically gel solutions with cells growing within. One drawback of these gels is that they are visco-elastic and non-Newtonian. This means that the mechanical properties of the gels change depending on the applied pressure. This variance in mechanical properties makes it harder to control the flow of these materials when the pressure applied changes leading to inconsistent dispensing. High precision dispensing is necessary to form the intricate microfluidic devices that are being developed at the lab. These materials also undergo a phase change during the printing process, further complicating the issue. To mitigate these issues, the lab aims to design a pressure feedback system that uses data from a flow sensor to control the pressure pumps to maintain desired flowrates. The lab was already in possession of calorimetric microfluidic flow meters used for other purposes; however, the accuracy of these sensors was unknown with visco-elatic materials. To verify the accuracy of these sensors, a test was developed to compare the flow sensor data with the actual flow rate. Gelatin solution was driven under constant pressure through the sensor and dispensed onto a mass balance. Using various conversions, data for volume accumulation and flowrate were obtained from both the mass balance and the flow sensor. The data from the flow sensor was compared to the data from the mass balance, which measured the true flowrate, to check for inconsistencies

Is it worth the risk? Grievances and street protest participation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile

The COVID-19 pandemic started in Chile as the country was experiencing massive protests and a deep political crisis. Sanitary measures restricting movement and gatherings were implemented while the process of constitutional change responding to this crisis developed. In this context of conflict, we study why people continued participating in street protests despite the restrictions and the health risks involved. Using two surveys, we test key factors addressed in extant scholarship: biographical availability, perceived risks, and grievances. We find that grievances related to the pandemic were the most important factor, while biographical availability was much less relevant in the pandemic context. There is no evidence that perceived health risks mattered when deciding whether to join a street protest or not. These results suggest that under conditions of political crisis, grievances related to the administration of the pandemic can motivate political participation even when the latter put people's health at risk

Dynamic responses of B acteroides thetaiotaomicron during growth on glycan mixtures

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/98163/1/mmi12228-sup-0001-si.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/98163/2/mmi12228.pd

Preparation of feedstocks from nano/submicron-sized TiO2 particles to obtain photocatalytic coatings by atmospheric plasma spraying

Atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) has been proved useful in obtaining TiO2 coatings with effective photocatalytic activity. However, the influence of feedstock characteristics on photocatalytic activity has hardly been addressed. This study was undertaken to prepare TiO2 photocatalytic coatings by APS from different feedstocks. The feedstocks were obtained by spray drying suspensions of a nano- and a submicron-sized TiO2 powder, with different solids contents and/or ratios of the nano- to submicron-sized particles. All the resulting powders were fully characterised to assess their suitability for use in APS processes. Feedstock powders were then deposited on steel coupons by APS using hydrogen or helium as secondary plasma gas. Coating microstructure and phase composition were characterised. Coating photocatalytic activity was determined by measuring the degradation of methylene blue dye in an aqueous solution. Powder characterisation showed that all feedstocks met plasma spray operation requirements with regard to agglomerate size distribution and density, as well as to powder flowability. Optimum agglomerate density was obtained when a well-balanced mixture of nano- and subrnicronsized particles was used. All coatings displayed a bimodal microstructure with partially melted agglomerates that retained the initial nano- or submicron-sized structure and composition (anatase phase) of the feedstock, surrounded by a fully melted matrix mainly formed by ruffle. As expected, coating porosity as well as the amount of partially melted areas depended strongly on plasma spray conditions and on feedstock characteristics. With regard to photocatalytic activity, a reasonably good fit of a first-order kinetic model to the experimental data was found for all coatings. The kinetic constants obtained displayed higher values than those of a commercial sol-gel coating. The values of these constants were related to feedstock characteristics as well as to plasma spraying conditions on the basis of anatase content. The contribution of other factors to the resulting coating surface is also discussed.This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Project MAT2012-38364-C03) and co-funded by the ERDF (European Regional Development Fund), as well as by University Jaume I of Castellon (P1 . 1B2013-69).Bordes, MDC.; Vicent, M.; Moreno, A.; López, V.; Moreno, R.; Salvador Moya, MD.; Benavente Martínez, R.... (2014). Preparation of feedstocks from nano/submicron-sized TiO2 particles to obtain photocatalytic coatings by atmospheric plasma spraying. Ceramics International. 40(10):16213-16225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.07.057S1621316225401

Evaluacion de la capacidad empresarial de pequeños productores de frambuesa : caso estudio microregion de Bullilleo, VII Region del Maule

Resumen (Spanish, English)La política de apertura comercial en nuestro país, ha llevado a grandes cambios en la economía chilena, y el sector agrícola no ha estado ajeno a ello. Cualquier intento por conocer el sector agrícola es válido, más aún si consideramos la pequeña agricultura, que es un pilar fundamental en la economía chilena. Mediante una investigación a través de una encuesta, se evaluó la capacidad empresarial de 150 pequeños productores beneficiarios del Instituto de Desarrollo Agropecuario ( INDAP ), que son parte de un proyecto microregional en la VII región del Maule. Se consideraron para dicha investigación variables socioculturales, productivas, comerciales, organizacionales y financiero-empresariales. Usando como metodología un análisis de frecuencia, los resultados indican que el grupo en estudio tiene un pequeño tamaño económico, lo que pone en peligro su subsistencia ya que cada día la agricultura se hace más competitiva; su estructura productiva está orientada por la costumbre más que por factores de mercado, poseen un escaso poder de negociación tanto por los volúmenes de transacción, desconocimiento en los canales de comercialización, como por falta de manejo de la información de mercado, entre otras variables. El grupo de productores estudiados esta organizado en un Sociedad Anónima de la cual no conocen con claridad sus objetivos, sus dirigentes tienen una baja capacidad de liderazgo y dependen sustancialmente de INDAP y la empresa que les otorga la transferencia tecnológica en cuanto al financiamiento y asistencia técnica. Poseen bajos niveles de capacitación, pero están dispuestos a tenerla sobretodo en aspectos productivos y nuevos cultivos. Se concluye de este trabajo que este grupo no posee capacidad de gestión, por lo que es necesario un apoyo a través de capacitación fundamentalmente en el área de negocios, así como también poner a su disposición sistemas o medios de información de mercado oportuna y específica tanto de la zona como de los productos que ellos producen

Consultoría integral en una escuela preparatoria particular incorporada a la Universidad de Guadalajara en el Municipio de Tlaquepaque

ITESO, A.C

Facial lesions in piglets with intact or grinded teeth

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Piglets are born with eight sharp teeth that during nursing can cause facial lesions on littermates and teat lesions on the sow. Teeth grinding in piglets is therefore often practiced to reduce these lesions. The aim of this study was to assess the consequences of grinding piglet teeth in regard to the occurrence of lesions.</p> <p>In this study the piglets' teeth were grinded in 28 litters, and in 36 litters the piglets' teeth were kept intact. Twice, one time during the first week and one time during the second week after birth facial lesions of the piglets were scored and the teats of the sows were examined for lesions. The facial lesion score accounted for the amount and severity of lesions. The individual observations on piglets in the litter were synthesized in a litter facial lesion score.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>69.8% and 43.5% of the piglets had facial lesions in week 1 and week 2 respectively. The effect of treatment was not significant on litter facial lesion score. The litter facial lesion score was higher in week 1 than in week 2 (<it>p </it>< 0.001) and higher in large litters (<it>p </it>= 0.003) than in small litters. Mortality between week 1 and week 2 was higher in litters with intact teeth (<it>p </it>= 0.02). Sow teat lesions only occurred if litters had intact teeth.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>According to our results teeth grinding is only justifiable in large litters.</p

Characterization of electrodeposited zinc oxide/tetrasulphonatedcopper phthalocyanines (ZnO/Ts-CuPc) hybrid films and their photoelectrochemical properties

a b s t r a c t Hybrid films of zinc oxide (ZnO) and tetrasulphonatedcopper phthalocyanine (Ts-CuPc) have been prepared by cathodic electro-deposition from aqueous O 2 -saturated solutions of ZnCl 2 and Ts-CuPc. The Ts-CuPc content of the films can be varied in a wide range by variation of dye concentration in the electro-deposition bath -from single Ts-CuPc molecules embedded in compact crystalline ZnO to films based on an amorphous Ts-CuPc framework. With increasing dye content the colour of the films changes from light blue to deep blue. All films were characterized by XRD, SEM and AFM. Photoelectro-chemical characteristics of the electrodes were studied by photocurrent spectra and by time-resolved photocurrent measurements in 0.1 M KCl electrolyte. At the same time, changes in the electrical and photoelectrical properties of the films are observed, enabling the tuning of these properties in view of optoelectronic applications. Theoretical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) models were made to understand the optoelectronic properties of the hybrid films. Different parallel and perpendicular orientations were tested. For the most stable hybrid structure, total and projected densities of states of the system were obtained and the alignment of the levels observed

Monitoring a high--amplitude Delta Sct star for 152 days: discovery of 12 additional modes and modulation effects in the light curve of CoRoT 101155310

The detection of small-amplitude nonradial modes in high-amplitude Delta Sct (HADS) variables has been very elusive until at least five of them were detected in the light curve of V974 Oph obtained from ground-based observations. The combination of radial and nonradial modes has a high asteroseismic potential, thanks to the strong constraints we can put in the modelling. The continuous monitoring of ASAS 192647-0030.0=CoRoT 101155310 (P=0.1258 d, V=13.4) ensured from space by the CoRoT (Convection, Rotation and planetary Transits) mission constitutes a unique opportunity to exploit such potential. The 22270 CoRoT measurements were performed in the chromatic mode. They span 152 d and cover 1208 consecutive cycles. After the correction for one jump and the long-term drift, the level of the noise turned out to be 29 micromag. The phase shifts and amplitude ratios of the coloured CoRoT data, the HARPS spectra, and the period-luminosity relation were used to determine a self-consistent physical model. In turn, it allowed us to model the oscillation spectrum, also giving feedback on the internal structure of the star. In addition to the fundamental radial mode f1=7.949 c/d with harmonics up to 10f1, we detected 12 independent terms. Linear combinations were also found and the light curve was solved by means of 61 frequencies (smallest amplitude 0.10 mmag). The newest result is the detection of a periodic modulation of the f1 mode (triplets at +/-0.193 c/d centred on f1 and 2f1), discussed as a rotational effect or as an extension of the Blazhko effect to HADS stars. The physical model suggests that CoRoT 101155310 is an evolved star, with a slight subsolar metallic abundance, close to the terminal age main sequence. All the 12 additional terms are identified with mixed modes in the predicted overstable region.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, Tables 1 and 2 available at CDS after publication. Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysic