Effets de l’exposition aux herbicides chez des Mollusques marins exploités. Approche in vitro chez l’ormeau, Haliotis tuberculata et approche in vivo chez l’huître creuse, Crassostrea gigas.

This work aimed to assess the effects of world wide used herbicides on two economically important mollusc species : the abalone Haliotis tuberculata and the cupped oyster Crassostrea gigas. The researches dealt with in vitro and in vivo laboratory experiments. In vitro experiments on H. tuberculata haemocytes were performed in order to assess the effects of an active matter (glyphosate), a commercial formulation (Roundup express : REX) and a mixture of adjuvants (POEAs). Results showed a greater toxicity of exposures to REX and POEAs which appeared to act on biological membranes. In vivo experiments on C. gigas also clearly demonstrated the toxicity of commercial formulations and adjuvants. Bioassays on early life stages (D veliger and pediveliger) allowed us to assess the toxicity of a relatively large number of active matters (glyphosate, mecoprop, mecoprop-p), degradation compounds (AMPA, 2-MCP), commercial formulations (Roundup) and adjuvantmixture (POEAs). Results provided interesting information on the relative toxicity of the tested chemicals and showed the sensitivity of the earliest life stage (i.e. D veliger larvae). Long time exposures (up to 56 days) of C. gigas juveniles revealed an activation of the defense mechanisms at the molecular level but also physiological perturbations with a slowdown in growth and gametogenesis of oysters exposed to the lowest doses of Roundup and POEAs (i.e at the dose of 0.1μg/L which could be measured in the environment). Environmentally relevant doses of pesticides cannot lead to oyster mortality but could be considered as additional stressors during the periods prior to summer mortalities.Ce travail de thèse vise à étudier l’impact de molécules herbicides parmi les plus utilisées en France et dans le monde, sur deux espèces de mollusques exploitées : l’ormeau, Haliotis tuberculata et l’huître creuse, Crassostrea gigas. Les travaux ont porté sur des expositions réalisées en laboratoire et deux approches différentes ont été mises en oeuvre. Une première approche in vitro s’est intéressée chez H. tuberculata aux effets d’une matière active seule (glyphosate), d’une formulation commerciale (Roundup Express) et d’un mélange d’adjuvants (POEAs) sur les hémocytes, cellules responsables de la fonction immunitaire chez les mollusques. Les résultats ont montré une toxicité accrue de la formulation commerciale et des adjuvants qui semblerait liée à des effets au niveau des membranes biologiques. La toxicité plus importante des formulations commerciales due aux adjuvants a également été démontrée lors de la seconde approche in vivo chez C. gigas. Des bioessais sur les larvesvéligères D et sur des larves pédivéligères ont permis de mettre en évidence la sensibilité des stades les plus jeunes et l’importance d’étudier non seulement les matières actives (glyphosate, mecoprop, mecoprop-p) mais aussi l’ensemble des composés apparentés : produits de dégradation (AMPA, 2-MCP), matière active formulée (Roundup) et adjuvants (POEAs). Enfin, des expositions de juvéniles de C. gigas pendant un temps supérieur ou égal à un mois suggèrent des effets au niveau moléculaire avec l’activation de systèmes de détoxication mais aussi au niveau intégré avec des perturbations de la croissance et du déroulement de la gamétogenèse pour les individus exposés aux plus faibles doses de Roundup et de POEAs (notamment 0,1 μg/L qui peut correspondre à une concentration environnementale). Les herbicides aux doses environnementales ne peuvent pas engendrer de mortalités ostréicoles pour les stades de vie étudiés mais ils peuvent constituer des facteurs de stress dans les périodes précédant les mortalités estivales

Environmental impact of engineered carbon nanoparticles: from releases to effects on the aquatic biota

Nano-ecotoxicology is an emerging science which aims to assess the environmental effect of nanotechnologies. The development of this particular aspect of ecotoxicology was made necessary in order to evaluate the potential impact of recently produced and used materials: nanoparticles (NPs). Among all the types of NPs, carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) especially draw attention giving the increasing number of applications and integration into consumer products. However the potential impacts of CNPs in the environment remain poorly known. This review aims to point out the critical issues and aspects that will govern the toxicity of CNPs in the environment

Surface area of carbon-based nanoparticles prevails on dispersion for growth inhibition in amphibians

The attractive properties of carbon-based nanoparticles such as graphene and its derivatives or carbon nanotubes lead to their use in many application fields, whether they are raw or functionalized, such as oxidized. These particles may finally contaminate the aquatic compartment, which is a major receptacle of pollutants. The study of their impact on aquatic organisms is thus essential. At the nano scale, recent studies have highlighted that specific surface area should be used as the most relevant descriptor of toxicity instead of the conventional mass concentration. By using a dose-response model, this work compares the chronic toxicity observed on Xenopus laevis larvae after 12-day in vivo exposure to raw, oxidized carbon allotropes, or in the presence of chemical dispersant. We show that chemical dispersion does not influence the observed chronic toxicity, whether it is through surface chemistry (oxidation state) or through the addition of a dispersant. The biological hypothesis leading to growth inhibition are discussed. Finally, these results confirm that surface area is the more suited metric unit describing growth inhibition

Entwicklung von Biosensoren für die biotechnologische Praxis

Zur Verbesserung biotechnologischer Prozesse ist es notwendig, die wichtigsten Schlüsselkomponenten in den Kultivierungsmedien zu überwachen und zu regeln. Voraussetzung dafür ist die In-situ- und On-line-Messung dieser Größen. Dazu müssen die Analyseninstrumente an den Produktionsreaktor direkt angekoppelt werden. Wegen des hohen Preises dieser Instrumente würde die Ausstattung eines jeden Reaktors mit einem Analysensystem sehr aufwendig und teuer. Hier können die einfachen und preisgünstigen Biosensoren Abhilfe schaffen. Biosensoren bestehen aus einem chemisch-spezifischen Empfänger (Enzym, Antikörper, Zelle), der mit einem sog. Transducer verbunden ist. Der Transducer ist ein physikalischer Sensor, der die chemischen Änderungen in der Empfängerschicht in Licht- oder elektrische Signale umwandelt. Abhängig davon, welchen physikalischen Sensor man verwendet, unterscheidet man zwischen - potentiometrischen, amperometrischen, kalorimetrischen, optischen und mechanischen Sensoren. Im Institut für Technische Chemie (TCI) der Universität Hannover werden potentiometrische, kalorimetrische und optische Sensoren entwickelt und zur Überwachung und Regelung biotechnologischer Prozesse eingesetzt. Daher werden hier nur diese Sensoren behandelt

Surface Area of Carbon Nanoparticles: A Dose Metric for a More Realistic Ecotoxicological Assessment

Engineered nanoparticles such as graphenes, nanodiamonds, and carbon nanotubes correspond to different allotropes of carbon and are among the best candidates for applications in fast-growing nanotechnology. It is thus likely that they may get into the environment at each step of their life cycle: production, use, and disposal. The aquatic compartment concentrates pollutants and is expected to be especially impacted. The toxicity of a compound is conventionally evaluated using mass concentration as a quantitative measure of exposure. However, several studies have highlighted that such a metric is not the best descriptor at the nanoscale. Here we compare the inhibition of Xenopus laevis larvae growth after in vivo exposure to different carbon nanoparticles for 12 days using different dose metrics and clearly show that surface area is the most relevant descriptor of toxicity for different types of carbon allotropes

Assessment of graphene oxide ecotoxicity at several trophic levels using aquatic microcosms

Extensive development of new applications using graphene based materials such as graphene oxide (GO) increases its potential release and occurrence into aquatic environments, raising the question of its biological and ecological risks. As standardized single-species-based assays fail to highlight toxicological pathways implying interactions between organisms, the use of micro/mesocosms appears as a good solution to fill the lack of environmental realism inherent to these tests. In this work, experiments were achieved using microcosm systems to expose a reconstituted food chain to GO at environmentally-relevant concentrations (0.05 and 0.1 mg L−1). The trophic chain was composed of a consortium of algae and bacteria as primary producers, chironomid larvae as primary consumers and decomposers while larvae of the amphibian Pleurodeles waltii constituted the secondary consumers. Monitoring of multiple ecotoxicological and ecological endpoints allowed to observe changes in bacterial communities while no toxic effects were noticed in chironomids. However, chironomids feeding behaviour changed as a consequence of GO contamination, leading to an increase in leaf litter consumption. Genotoxic effects were noticed in Pleurodeles larvae. This study highlights the importance of using such experimental systems to better encompass the ecotoxic potential of GO through the determination of toxicological routes and consequences on ecosystem’s functioning

Effects of a POEA surfactant system (Genamin T-200^|^reg;) on two life stages of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas

International audienc

Evaluation de l'analyse pharmaceutique et de la iatrogénie médicamenteuse (construction d'un outil et réalisation d'une étude pilote dans un centre hospitalier général)

POITIERS-BU Médecine pharmacie (861942103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Sub-lethal effects of a glyphosate-based commercial formulation and adjuvants on juvenile oysters ( Crassostrea gigas ) exposed for 35 days

International audienc