100 research outputs found

    Prominence of delta oscillatory rhythms in the motor cortex and their relevance for auditory and speech perception

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    In the motor cortex, beta oscillations (∌12-30 Hz) are generally considered a principal rhythm contributing to movement planning and execution. Beta oscillations cohabit and dynamically interact with slow delta oscillations (0.5-4 Hz), but the role of delta oscillations and the subordinate relationship between these rhythms in the perception-action loop remains unclear. Here, we review evidence that motor delta oscillations shape the dynamics of motor behaviors and sensorimotor processes, in particular during auditory perception. We describe the functional coupling between delta and beta oscillations in the motor cortex during spontaneous and planned motor acts. In an active sensing framework, perception is strongly shaped by motor activity, in particular in the delta band, which imposes temporal constraints on the sampling of sensory information. By encoding temporal contextual information, delta oscillations modulate auditory processing and impact behavioral outcomes. Finally, we consider the contribution of motor delta oscillations in the perceptual analysis of speech signals, providing a contextual temporal frame to optimize the parsing and processing of slow linguistic information

    Use of integral experiments for the assessment of a new 235

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    The Working Party on International Nuclear Data Evaluation Co-operation (WPEC) subgroup 29 (SG 29) was established to investigate an issue with the 235U capture cross-section in the energy range from 0.1 to 2.25 keV, due to a possible overestimation of 10% or more. To improve the 235U capture crosssection, a new 235U evaluation has been proposed by the Institut de Radioprotection et de SĂ»retĂ© NuclĂ©aire (IRSN) and the CEA, mainly based on new time-of-flight 235U capture cross-section measurements and recent fission cross-section measurements performed at the n_TOF facility from CERN. IRSN and CEA Cadarache were in charge of the thermal to 2.25 keV energy range, whereas the CEA DIF was responsible of the high energy region. Integral experiments showing a strong 235U sensitivity are used to assess the new evaluation, using Monte-Carlo methods. The keff calculations were performed with the 5.D.1 beta version of the MORET 5 code, using the JEFF-3.2 library and the new 235U evaluation, as well as the JEFF-3.3T1 library in which the new 235U has been included. The benchmark selection allowed highlighting a significant improvement on keff due to the new 235U evaluation. The results of this data testing are presented here

    RÎle des oscillations corticales dans l'asymétrie fonctionnelle du traitement de la parole

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    Speech processing is divided between the two hemispheres with left dominance for verbal comprehension and right lateralization for the treatment of intonation and speaker recognition. Asymmetric sampling theory (AST) states that a difference in the sensitivity of left and right auditory cortex neurons would be sufficient to explain the lateralisation of language. Sampling windows constraining the processing of information to a left phonemic and right syllabic rhythm would be supported by oscillatory activity at a gamma (~ 40 Hz) and theta (~ 5 Hz) rhythm, respectively. The purpose of this thesis was to confirm and extend the predictions made by the AST through two studies.Intracranial EEG recording in the bilateral auditory cortex has established that: (i) the acoustic signal is sampled according to the phonemic and syllabic rhythms in the left and right secondary auditory cortex, respectively; (ii) their integration would lead to the formation of an internal syllabic rhythm in the left associative auditory cortex; (iii) these oscillatory patterns are found in the spontaneous activity measured during the resting state, with frequency and spatial specificity.The combined EEG / fMRI record of the entire cortex revealed that: (i) the primary auditory cortices, but also the articulatory, somatosensory and lower parietal motor have asymmetrical oscillatory activity at rest; (ii) the Wernicke and Broca areas inherit their asymmetrical profiles during linguistic processing; (iii) sensory and motor areas influence the language network mainly at the gamma and delta / theta rates, respectively. Thus during the evolution the motor and sensory areas would have mutually reinforced during the verbal production, organizing their oscillatory activity around the theta and gamma rhythms.Le traitement de la parole est réparti entre les deux hémisphères avec une dominance gauche pour la compréhension verbale et une latéralisation droite relative aux traitements de l’intonation et de la reconnaissance du locuteur. La théorie de l’échantillonnage asymétrique (AST) stipule qu’une différence de sensibilité des neurones des cortex auditifs gauche et droit suffirait à expliquer la latéralisation du langage. Des fenêtres d’échantillonnages contraignant le traitement de l’information selon un rythme phonémique à gauche et syllabique à droite seraient soutenus par une activité oscillatoire à un rythme gamma (~40 Hz) et thêta (~5 Hz), respectivement. Le but de cette thèse était de confirmer et d’étendre les prédictions faites par l’AST à travers deux études.L’enregistrement intracrânien EEG dans les cortex auditif bilatéraux a permis d’établir que : (i) le signal acoustique est échantillonné selon les rythmes phonémique et syllabique dans les cortex auditif primaire gauche et secondaire droit, respectivement ; (ii) leur intégration aboutirait à la formation d’un rythme syllabique interne dans le cortex auditif associatif gauche ; (iii) ces patterns oscillatoires sont retrouvés dans l’activité spontanée mesurée pendant l’état de repos, avec une spécificité fréquentielle et spatiale.L’enregistrement EEG/IRMf combiné de l’ensemble du cortex a révélé que : (i) les cortex auditif primaire, mais aussi moteur articulatoire, somatosensoriel et inférieur pariétal présentent une activité oscillatoire asymétrique au repos ; (ii) les aires de Wernicke et de Broca héritent leurs profils asymétriques lors d’un traitement linguistique ; (iii) les aires sensorielles et motrices influencent le réseau du langage principalement aux rythmes gamma et delta/thêta, respectivement. Ainsi au cours de l’évolution les aires motrices et sensorielles se seraient renforcées mutuellement lors de la production verbale, organisant leur activité oscillatoire autour des rythmes thêta et gamma

    Motor Origin of Temporal Predictions in Auditory Attention

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    Etude de la thermomigration de l'aluminium dans le silicium pour la réalisation industrielle de murs d'isolation dans les composants de puissance bidirectionnels

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    The thermomigration of aluminum in silicon has been studied as an alternative means to boron diffusion for the realization of isolation walls in bidirectional power devices. The process of boron solid-state diffusion is limited mainly by its huge thermal budget. Among alternative solutions, the thermomigration offers many advantages such as thermal budget reduction and constant, high doping level. The process is based on the migration of Al/Si liquid droplets by means of a vertical temperature gradient with deposition, in the droplet path, of a silicon solid solution doped with aluminum (at about 1019 at/cm3). The requirement of a vertical temperature gradient leads to the design of a specific rapid thermal processor (RTP). The experimental study has given the main issues raised by the industrialization of this technique, from both "process" and "equipment" side. For example, the necessary introduction of oxygen during the thermomigration annealing dramatically influences the droplet migration. Therefore, new answers have been given to address this problem, especially by considering geometrical parameters of aluminum pattern. Moreover, thorough analysis of the results obtained with the laboratory RTP furnace has given the main specifications of a new equipment allowing industrial application of thermomigration. Finally, thanks to our knowledge of the process, we designed and realized a new power structure, namely a thyristor on epitaxy, whose reverse blocking capability has been demonstrated. Although further investigations are necessary to solve remaining problems, the results we obtained during this study are very promising as regards future industrialization of the process.Ce mĂ©moire prĂ©sente nos travaux sur la thermomigration de l'aluminium dans le silicium comme alternative Ă  la diffusion bore pour la rĂ©alisation des murs d'isolation dans les composants de puissance bidirectionnels. Dans un premier temps, nous avons ainsi mis en Ă©vidence les limites de la diffusion du bore Ă  l'Ă©tat solide, limites dues essentiellement Ă  son bilan thermique prohibitif. Parmi les solutions alternatives envisagĂ©es, la thermomigration de l'aluminium prĂ©sente un certain nombre d'avantages parmi lesquels un bilan thermique trĂšs faible et un dopage Ă©levĂ© et constant. Le procĂ©dĂ© consiste en la migration d'un alliage liquide Al/Si sous l'effet d'un gradient de tempĂ©rature vertical avec cristallisation, dans le sillage de la goutte, d'une solution solide de silicium dopĂ© aluminium (Ă  1019 at/cm3 environ). L'exigence de gradient thermique vertical impose l'utilisation d'un four de recuit rapide spĂ©cialement conçu Ă  cet effet. L'Ă©tude expĂ©rimentale du phĂ©nomĂšne nous a permis de mettre en Ă©vidence les problĂ©matiques "industrielles" liĂ©es au procĂ©dĂ© et Ă  l'Ă©quipement. Ainsi, l'utilisation nĂ©cessaire d'oxygĂšne pendant le recuit de thermomigration perturbe trĂšs fortement le dĂ©roulement du procĂ©dĂ© et nous avons dĂ» apporter des rĂ©ponses nouvelles Ă  ce problĂšme, notamment en considĂ©rant les paramĂštres gĂ©omĂ©triques du motif d'aluminium. De mĂȘme, l'analyse approfondie des rĂ©sultats obtenus sur le four de laboratoire nous a permis de donner les spĂ©cifications d'un nouveau four en vue du transfert industriel de la thermomigration. Enfin, grĂące Ă  la maĂźtrise relative du procĂ©dĂ© dans son ensemble, nous avons conçu et rĂ©alisĂ© une structure nouvelle de puissance, le thyristor sur Ă©pitaxie, dont la fonction de tenue en tension inverse a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ©e. MĂȘme si un certain nombre de problĂšmes restent en suspens, les rĂ©sultats obtenus au cours de cette Ă©tude sont trĂšs prometteurs en vue d'une industrialisation future du procĂ©dĂ©

    Motor origin of temporal predictions in auditory attention

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