576 research outputs found
Determinación de los patrones de fracturamiento de la Formación Mirador en el anticlinal del Guavio, mediante el análisis de imágenes de pozo. Implicaciones en la permeabilidad y productividad del reservorio
El propósito de este trabajo de investigación fue determinar los patrones de fracturamiento según el rumbo y buzamiento, así como la zonificación de permeabilidad de fracturas en la Formación Mirador mediante datos de subsuelo en el Anticlinal del Guavio. La metodología utilizada para el logro de este propósito consistió en primera instancia en la elaboración del modelo geomecánico mediante el uso de información de registros eléctricos de los pozos perforados en el Anticlinal, en especial los registros de imágenes de pozo. Este modelo geomecánico definió la magnitud de los tres esfuerzos principales, la presión de poros y las propiedades elásticas de las rocas en el área de estudio. A partir de las imágenes de los pozos Cóndor-1 y Cóndor-2 en el intervalo de la Formación Mirador se analizaron e interpretaron las poblaciones fracturas presentes en la Formación, las cuales finalmente de acuerdo a su orientación se clasificaron en cuatro familias, la Familia-1 en dirección N70°W, Familia-2 N10°E, la Familia-3 N30°W y Familia-4 N60°E , cada una de ellas con una historia de evolución geológica diferente trazada desde el Paleoceno hasta el Reciente. Posteriormente se integraron los datos del modelo geomecánico con los obtenidos de la interpretación de fracturas y se calcularon los esfuerzos de corte y normales para cada uno de los planos de las fracturas usando el Criterio de Falla de Coulomb para determinar si cada plano era potencialmente activo. A través del trabajo con los diagramas de Mohr en dos y tres dimensiones se establecieron para cada uno de los pozos los intervalos de poblaciones de fracturas críticamente estresadas y óptimamente orientadas es decir aquellas que a condiciones de esfuerzos actuales y gracias a su orientación están en corte o próximas a fallar, del tal manera que favorecen la permeabilidad y por ende la producción del yacimiento. Los resultados aquí obtenidos se compararon con la zonificación de fracturas que se realizó a partir de los datos del programa sísmico Guavio Este-3D y los hallazgos son sorprendentemente coherentes, este análisis demostró que hay dos zonas de fracturas al tope de la Formación Mirador en el Anticlinal del Guavio, la primera en dirección NNW donde está la menor población de fracturas y la segunda y mas importante en dirección SSW que es la zona donde están localizados los pozos Productores Cóndor-1 y Guavio-1. Estos hallazgos explican porque la zona con mejores posibilidades para el desarrollo de proyectos de producción de hidrocarburos en el Anticlinal del Guavio es la que corresponde al SSW lo que corrobora que las fracturas con posibilidades de producir petróleo se encuentran hacia los flancos del Anticlinal preferiblemente y no sobre el eje como en un principio se creía. Otro resultado importante fue la correlación entre los patrones de fracturas aquí encontrados y los patrones de fracturas en la superficie del Anticlinal del Guavio encontrados por el grupo de investigación de fracturas de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia dirigido por el profesor Andreas Kammer. / Abstract. The purpose of this research was to determine the patterns of fracturing based on strike and dip fractures direction and permeability of fractures zoning in the Mirador Formation by using subsurface data in Guavio Anticline. The methodology for achieving this purpose was at first instance the geomechanical model development using information from electric well logs from wells drilled in the Anticline, particularly well logs images. Geomechanical model defined the magnitude of the three principal stresses, pore pressure and elastic properties of rocks in the study area. From the images of the wells Cóndor-1 and Cóndor-2 in the range of the Mirador Formation were analyzed and interpreted fracture populations present in the Formation, which finally according to their orientation were classified in fourth families, Family-1 N70oW direction, Family-2 N10oE direction, Family-3 N30oW, and Family-4 N60oE each of them have a different geological evolutionary history drawn from the Paleocene age to Recent. Subsequently integrated geomechanical model data with those obtained from the interpretation of fracture and calculated shear and normal stress for each of the planes of fractures using the Coulomb Failure Criterion to determine whether each plane was potentially active or not. By working with Mohr diagrams in two and three dimensions were established for each of the wells ranges of populations of critically stressed fractures and optimally oriented, in other words, those fractures that in conditions of current stress and thanks to its orientation are in shear or close to failing, so that enhance the rocks permeability and hence the reservoir production. The results obtained were compared with the zoning of fractures obtained from the data processing and interpreting of seismic program Guavio East-3D; the findings are remarkably consistent with those from well images analysis. This analysis showed that there are two fracture zones at the top of the Mirador Formation in the Guavio Anticline, the first one in NNW direction where there is the smallest population of fractures and the second and more important in SSW is the area where are located the oil producers wells Condor-1 and Guavio-2. These findings explains why the area with the greatest potential for development of hydrocarbon production projects in the Guavio Anticline is that one that corresponds to the SSW which confirms that fractures with the potential to produce oil are located on the limbs of the anticline and not in the hinge of the fold as initially believed. Another important result was the correlation between fracture patterns found here and fracture patterns on the surface of the Guavio Anticline found by the research group of fractures of the National University of Colombia headed by Professor Andreas Kammer.Maestrí
Retos y perspectivas del indigenismo dentro de la democracia plurinacional : de la movilización de los años 90 al gobierno de los movimientos sociales
En la década de los 90, la implementación de una serie de políticas neoliberales suscitó una movilización indígena que trajo consigo transformaciones políticas y sociales dentro del Estado boliviano. Dichas transformaciones encontraron diversos espacios de aplicabilidad y fueron articuladas con la llegada de Evo Morales a la presidencia. El presente trabajo de investigación analiza tanto el papel que ha desempeñado el indigenismo como transformador de la estructura del Estado boliviano, como la trayectoria que ha tenido esta ideología como un marco cognitivo de los movimientos indígenas que se han movilizado antes y durante el gobierno Evo Morales. Lo anterior se realiza desde diferentes aportes teóricos, que admitirán estudiar la experiencia del indigenismo como una alternativa frente a las instituciones tradicionales del Estado, siendo ejemplos de esto la organización territorial, la política exterior y el ejercicio de la democracia.In the 1990s, the implementation of a series of neoliberal policies gave rise to an indigenous mobilization that brought about political and social transformations within the Bolivian state. These transformations found diverse spaces of applicability and were articulated with the arrival of Evo Morales to the presidency. This research paper analyzes both the role played by indigenism in transforming the structure of the Bolivian state and the trajectory of this ideology as a cognitive framework for the indigenous movements that have mobilized before and during the Evo Morales administration. The above is done from different theoretical contributions, which will admit to study the experience of indigenism as an alternative to the traditional institutions of the State, being examples of this the territorial organization, foreign policy and the exercise of democracy.InternacionalistaPregrad
Ligand exchange in gold-coated FePt nanoparticles
In this work we present the magnetic properties of gold coated FePt
nanoparticles and the study of stable aqueous dispersions of FePt@Au and FePt
synthesized after ligand exchange with mercaptoundecanoic acid. The particle
size determined from TEM micrographs goes from 4 nm for the uncoated
nanoparticles to a maximum of 10 nm for the gold coated ones indicating that
the thickness of the shell ranges from 1 to 3 nm. The magnetic characterization
consists in hysteresis cycles at 10 and 300 K. The results show that, at low
field and room temperature, the magnetic behavior of uncoated and coated
nanoparticles are surprisingly quite similar. Since the gold coated
nanoparticles keep the magnetic properties of FePt and the presence of gold
improves the functionalization of nanoparticles, the system is suitable for
biological application. Mercaptoundecanoic ligand transfer was used to render
water stable nanoparticles in a wide pH range. Transmission electron microscopy
and dynamic light scattering results show the nanoparticles slightly
agglomerate after ligand exchange. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
results suggest that thiol bind to the gold atoms of the surface.Comment: Intermag 2008, conference pape
Nutritional Assessment Methodologies: Challenges and Opportunities for the Full Realization of the Right to Food and Nutrition
The structural isolation of nutrition from the human right to food has resulted in the technicalization and medicalization of the meaning and practice of nutrition, including in the field of nutritional assessments, which has led to the construction of public policies that lack a holistic perspective with a rights-based approach. Two main categories of nutritional assessments have been anthropometric measurements and nutritional profiles evident in the WHO and PAHO proposals related to the nutrition of children. In this paper, we present a critical discussion on the production and uses of both instruments in the evaluation of the growth and development of children and in the generation of global recommendations in public health with the objective of proposing alternatives for the measurement of malnutrition in communities affected by violations of the human right to food and nutrition. Our approach focuses on the construction not only based on the calorie-energy needs of the human body but also on food as a social, cultural and political process. It thus becomes an invitation to rethink nutrition from the notion of right to food to the implementation of research from participatory action
Estudio de un brote epidémico de fiebre amarilla selvática en el pie de monte de La Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 1979
During 1979 an epidemic of sylvan nellow fever was observed in Colombia, in the lower slopes of the Sierra Nevada the Santa Marta, where the disease had not been registred before. The cases occurred in the vicinity of the cities of Valledupar and Santa Marta, at that time infested with Aedes aegypti. Twenty cases were demonstrated by histopathological examination of the liver or by virus isolation. Thirty six additional cases were clinically diagnosed. In the first group there were 14 fatalities; in the area emergency control measures against A. aegypti and vaccination were carried out. No urban cases of the disease were observed. Cases were infected in narrow galfery forests and in coffee groves, where previous and concurrent mortality in monkeys (Alouatta seniculus), was observed. The entomological survey showed in the region the presence of 3 species of Hoemogogus. H. janthinomys among them. Of 745 captured mosquitoes divided into 192 pools, only one, composed by H. janthinomys was positive for jellow fever virus. The aforementioned epidemic constitutes an example of the power of invasion of yellow fever virus to new rural "habitats" creating at the same time a serious threat to neighboring cities infested with A. aegypti because of the risk of urbanization of the virus. a situation which demands immediate action to abate the mosquitoe and to vaccinate the human population.En 1979 se observó en Colombia una epidemia de fiebre amarilla selvática, en las estribaciones más bajas de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, donde nunca antes se había registrado la enfermedad. Los casos ocurrieron en las cercanías de las ciudades de Valledupar y Santa Marta, por entonces infestadas con Aedes aegypti .Veinte de ellos fueron confirmados por examen histopatológico de hígado o por aislamiento de virus y en otros 36 se hizo un diagnóstico de presunción, con base en estudios clínicos, epidemiológicos y serológicos. Entre los primeros hubo 14 defunciones y entre los segundos 13. En las localidades urbanas del Brea se llevaron a cabo intensas campañas de lucha contra el A. aegyptiy de vacunación. No se registraron casos urbanos de la enfermedad. Los enfermos se infectaron en bosques estrechos de galería y en cafetales. donde previa y paralelamente se observó mortalidad en monos í Alouatta seniculus). El reconocimiento entomológico mostró en la región la presencia de 3 especies de Haemagogus, entre ellas H. janthinomys Con 745 mosquitos se hicieron 192 mezclas para intentar aislamiento de virus, habiéndose obtenido sólo uno positivo para fiebre amarilla, a partir de H. janthinomys. La epidemia descrita es un ejemplo mBs de la invasión del virus amarílico a nuevos "habitats" rurales, con la consiguiente amenaza para las ciudades vecinas infestadas con A. aegypti, el riesgo de la urbanización del virus, lo cual exige la adopción inmediata de medidas para abatir el mosquito y para vacunar a la población expuesta
Ligand exchange in gold-coated FePt nanoparticles
In this work, we present the magnetic properties of gold-coated FePt nanoparticles and the study of stable aqueous dispersions of FePt@Au and FePt synthesized after ligand exchange with mercaptoundecanoic acid. The particle size determined from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs goes from 4 nm for the uncoated nanoparticles to a maximum of 10 nm for the gold-coated ones indicating that the thickness of the shell ranges from 1 to 3 nm. The magnetic characterization consists in hysteresis cycles at 10 and 300 K. The results show that, at low field and room temperature, the magnetic behavior of uncoated and coated nanoparticles are surprisingly quite similar. Because the gold-coated nanoparticles keep the magnetic properties of FePt and the presence of gold improves the functionalization of nanoparticles, the system is suitable for biological application. Mercaptoundecanoic ligand transfer was used to render water stable nanoparticles in a wide pH range. Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS) results show the nanoparticles slightly agglomerate after ligand exchange. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results suggest that thiol binds to the gold atoms of the surface
Propuesta para optimizar el manejo y control de inventarios en la distribuidora Merka Unión
203 páginas y anexosDistribuidora Merka Union, is a family business, founded 24 years ago in the city of Bogota in order to
distribute and sell groceries, food, toiletries and pet food. The company has grown over the years, which is why the need to implement an inventory management policy has become apparent. Customer service is currently being affected because the company has a large number of shortages and over-stock
in the inventory, avoiding the company's growth and profit, which, in the last two years, analyzed in
different periods, it has lost on average 150,000.000 y, por tratarse de una empresa de carácter
familiar, representa una perdida de magnitud importante.
En este orden de ideas se hizo necesario plantear el siguiente objetivo general: presentar una propuesta de mejora en la gestión y administración de inventarios a la Distribuidora Merka Union, con base en modelos que aplican a la naturaleza del negocioEspecialista en Gerencia con Énfasis en Logística y Comercio InternacionalEspecializació
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