Comparing three approaches of spatial disaggregation of legacy soil maps based on 1 DSMART algorithm

Enhancing the spatial resolution of pedological information is a great challenge in the field of Digital Soil 34 Mapping (DSM). Several techniques have emerged to disaggregate conventional soil maps initially 35 available at coarser spatial resolution than required for solving environmental and agricultural issues. At the 36 regional level, polygon maps represent soil cover as a tessellation of polygons defining Soil Map Units 37 (SMU), where each SMU can include one or several Soil Type Units (STU) with given proportions derived 38 from expert knowledge. Such polygon maps can be disaggregated at finer spatial resolution by machine 39 learning algorithms using the Disaggregation and Harmonisation of Soil Map Units Through Resampled 40 Classification Trees (DSMART) algorithm. This study aimed to compare three approaches of spatial 41 disaggregation of legacy soil maps based on DSMART decision trees to test the hypothesis that the 42 disaggregation of soil landscape distribution rules may improve the accuracy of the resulting soil maps. 43 Overall, two modified DSMART algorithm (DSMART with extra soil profiles, DSMART with soil 44 landscape relationships) and the original DSMART algorithm were tested. The quality of disaggregated soil 45 maps at 50 m resolution was assessed over a large study area (6,775 km2) using an external validation based 46 on independent 135 soil profiles selected by probability sampling, 755 legacy soil profiles and existing 47 detailed 1:25,000 soil maps. Pairwise comparisons were also performed, using Shannon entropy measure, 48 to spatially locate differences between disaggregated maps. The main results show that adding soil landscape 49 relationships in the disaggregation process enhances the performance of prediction of soil type distribution. 50 Considering the three most probable STU and using 135 independent soil profiles, the overall accuracy 51 measures are: 19.8 % for DSMART with expert rules against 18.1 % for the original DSMART and 16.9 % 52 for DSMART with extra soil profiles. These measures were almost twofold higher when validated using 53 3x3 windows. They achieved 28.5% for DSMART with soil landscape relationships, 25.3% and 21% for 54 original DSMART and DSMART with extra soil observations, respectively. In general, adding soil 55 landscape relationships as well as extra soil observations constraints the model to predict a specific STU 56 that can occur in specific environmental conditions. Thus, including global soil landscape expert rules in 57 the DSMART algorithm is crucial to obtain consistent soil maps with clear internal disaggregation of SMU 58 across the landscape

Construction of a large collection of small genome variations in French dairy and beef breeds using whole-genome sequences

Background: In recent years, several bovine genome sequencing projects were carried out with the aim of developing genomic tools to improve dairy and beef production efficiency and sustainability.[br/] Results: In this study, we describe the first French cattle genome variation dataset obtained by sequencing 274 whole genomes representing several major dairy and beef breeds. This dataset contains over 28 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and small insertions and deletions. Comparisons between sequencing results and SNP array genotypes revealed a very high genotype concordance rate, which indicates the good quality of our data.[br/] Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first large-scale catalog of small genomic variations in French dairy and beef cattle. This resource will contribute to the study of gene functions and population structure and also help to improve traits through genotype-guided selection

Landscape design for soil conservation under land use and climate change

International audienceSoils and landscapes evolve simultaneously. Soil evolution is controlled by redistribution and transformation processes influenced by topographic and climatic parameters, with also a major contribution of management strategies. The perennial landscape features have a strong influence on soil spatial distribution (geometry) and soil genesis. Building landscapes which enhance soil resilience to degradation processes and increase soil services appears as a promising way to adapt to forthcoming climatic and land use evolutions. The presentation aims to synthetize major results from a research program nicknamed Landsoil which focused on the evolution of agricultural soils over medium time scales (decades to centuries) in relation to changing conditions of land use and climate. Precise study of the soil 3D organization in three contrasted landscapes (Brittany, Touraine, Languedoc-Roussillon) enabled to link soil redistribution in space to landscape components (field geometry, hedges or ditches network) and their past evolution. A dynamic and high resolution spatial modeling approach was developed coupling erosion processes and soil organic matter evolution and was calibrated over past evolution using dating techniques (Cs137, C14, OSL). The resulting Landsoil model was afterwards applied in a prospective manner under different scenarios of land use and climate change over the 21th century. Indicators of soil vulnerability and soil resilience were defined and tested by the comparison of several prospective scenarios applied on a same landscape and by comparison of the contrasted landscapes

Finger creases lend a hand in Kabuki syndrome.

International audienceKabuki syndrome (KS) is a rare syndrome associating malformations with intellectual deficiency and numerous visceral, orthopedic, endocrinological, immune and autoimmune complications. The early establishment of a diagnostic of KS leads to better care of the patients and therefore prevents complications such as perception deafness, severe complications of auto-immune diseases or obesity. However, the diagnosis of KS remains difficult because based on the appreciation of facial features combined with other highly variable features. We describe a novel sign, namely the attenuation and/or congenital absence of the IPD crease of the third and fourth fingers associated with limitation of flexion of the corresponding joints, which seems to be specific of KS and could help the clinician to diagnose KS

Intérêt de la géophysique de subsurface et de la télédétection multispectrale pour la cartographie des sols et le suivi de leur fonctionnement hydrique à l'échelle intraparcellaire

PARIS-BIUSJ-Thèses (751052125) / SudocPARIS-BIUSJ-Sci.Terre recherche (751052114) / SudocFONTAINEBLEAU-MINES ParisTech (771862302) / SudocSudocFranceF

How does digital soil information source affect soil ecosystem services assessment?

International audienceSoil is a natural capital that provides several ecosystem services ensuring human well-being and sustainable socioeconomic development. The scarcity of soil information is the main shortcoming to assess soil ecosystem services (SESs). At regional level, soil information is available at coarse spatial resolution (1:250,0000 in Brittany, France) and represented as a tessellation of polygon defining Soil Map Unit (SMU), where each SMU can include one or several Soil Type Units (STU) with given proportions derived from expert knowledge. Spatial disaggregation of complex SMU appears to be a relevant approach to enhance soil spatial resolution. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that using disaggregated soil information rather than legacy soil data 1:250, 000 leads to a more accurate SESs assessment. Four SESs (climate regulation, crop production, water quality regulation and soil fertility maintain) were assessed using the STICS soil crop model mobilizing successively three different sources of soil information: (i) legacy soil properties maps 1:250,000, (ii) disaggregated soil properties maps at 50m resolution and (iii) field measurements as validation dataset. Over 6775 km 2 , 61 sites located in croplands were sampled according to the standard GlobalSoilMap depths (0-5cm, 5-15cm, 15-30cm, 30-60cm, 60-100cm and 100-200cm) to determine soil properties: soil organic carbon content, 5 particle-size fractions, coarse fragments, CEC, and pH. Conventional soil map 1:250,000 was previously disaggregated using DSMART algorithm with soil landscape relationships at 50m resolution (Vincent et al., 2018). Soil properties were then predicted at the GlobalSoilMap standard depths by fitting spline functions. For legacy soil maps, for each SMU and soil property, the value of the dominant STU was allocated to the whole SMU. A total of 183 STICS simulations (61 locations and 3 datasets) were computed over a period of 30 years. Four SESs indicators, one indicator per SES, were estimated from STICS outputs to evaluate SES supplies. The ongoing work shows that 1) SES provision strongly depends on inherent soil properties and is therefore sensitive to the soil information considered. 2) Disaggregating conventional soil improves the accuracy of the soil properties prediction at regional scale and therefore partially compensates the lack of soil information for SES assessment over large areas. Overall, expected results of this work are to evaluate the impact of pedological information quality on the SESs assessment using available tools and models

Étude du toit de la nappe de Beauce à Villamblain par résistivité électrique

International audienceWater resources control is one of the main environmental problems al this ending twentielh century. Piezometrie surface knowledge of the water table of the Beauce region is crucial to estimate the water reserve in this intensive-farming region. To this end, some electrical soundings with a Schlumberger array and a dipôle-dipôle multi-electrode melhod were tested on the Villamblain study domain. The water table, corresponding to an electrical conductive medium, is detected. However it is difficult to clearly separate the eleclrical conductivity effect of the water table from that of the Gâtinais molasse, which is a clayey conduclive layer present within the aquifer. The pedological cover and the geological substratum are clearly individualised with the multi-electrode method, which confirms its interest

Étude du toit de la nappe de Beauce à Villamblain par résistivité électrique

International audienceWater resources control is one of the main environmental problems al this ending twentielh century. Piezometrie surface knowledge of the water table of the Beauce region is crucial to estimate the water reserve in this intensive-farming region. To this end, some electrical soundings with a Schlumberger array and a dipôle-dipôle multi-electrode melhod were tested on the Villamblain study domain. The water table, corresponding to an electrical conductive medium, is detected. However it is difficult to clearly separate the eleclrical conductivity effect of the water table from that of the Gâtinais molasse, which is a clayey conduclive layer present within the aquifer. The pedological cover and the geological substratum are clearly individualised with the multi-electrode method, which confirms its interest