Direito Internacional e Ensino Jurídico: Contradições e Perspectivas

O processo de globalização e o desenvolvimento de relações comerciais, políticas, culturais, econômicas têm se ampliado sobremaneira após o fim da Guerra Fria e, por conseguinte, levado a uma notória expansão do Direito Internacional. Apesar da internacionalização do Direito e da necessidade de formar profissionais aptos a lidar com aspectos internacionais nos mais diversos campos de atuação jurídica, a formação jurídica brasileira parece estar em descompasso com essa conjuntura. Não obstante a recente tendência de valorização do Direito Internacional, ainda é pouca a atenção que se lhe confere no que tange ao ensino, à pesquisa e à extensão. O presente artigo analisa esse problema a partir do contexto da crise do ensino jurídico no Brasil e aponta, ao final, orientações para a uma metodologia de ensino do Direito Internacional de caráter transdisciplinar

Next-generation Sequencing-based genomic profiling: Fostering innovation in cancer care?

OBJECTIVES: With the development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, DNA sequencing has been increasingly utilized in clinical practice. Our goal was to investigate the impact of genomic evaluation on treatment decisions for heavily pretreated patients with metastatic cancer. METHODS: We analyzed metastatic cancer patients from a single institution whose cancers had progressed after all available standard-of-care therapies and whose tumors underwent next-generation sequencing analysis. We determined the percentage of patients who received any therapy directed by the test, and its efficacy. RESULTS: From July 2013 to December 2015, 185 consecutive patients were tested using a commercially available next-generation sequencing-based test, and 157 patients were eligible. Sixty-six patients (42.0%) were female, and 91 (58.0%) were male. The mean age at diagnosis was 52.2 years, and the mean number of pre-test lines of systemic treatment was 2.7. One hundred and seventy-seven patients (95.6%) had at least one identified gene alteration. Twenty-four patients (15.2%) underwent systemic treatment directed by the test result. Of these, one patient had a complete response, four (16.7%) had partial responses, two (8.3%) had stable disease, and 17 (70.8%) had disease progression as the best result. The median progression-free survival time with matched therapy was 1.6 months, and the median overall survival was 10 months. CONCLUSION: We identified a high prevalence of gene alterations using an next-generation sequencing test. Although some benefit was associated with the matched therapy, most of the patients had disease progression as the best response, indicating the limited biological potential and unclear clinical relevance of this practice

Immunological mechanisms involved in macrophage activation and polarization in schistosomiasis

Human schistosomiasis is caused by helminths of the genus Schistosoma. Macrophages play a crucial role in the immune regulation of this disease. These cells acquire different phenotypes depending on the type of stimulus they receive. M1 macrophages can be ‘classically activated’ and can display a proinflammatory phenotype. M2 or ‘alternatively activated’ macrophages are considered anti-inflammatory cells. Despite the relevance of macrophages in controlling infections, the role of the functional types of these cells in schistosomiasis is unclear. This review highlights different molecules and/or macrophage activation and polarization pathways during Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum infection. This review is based on original and review articles obtained through searches in major databases, including Scopus, Google Scholar, ACS, PubMed, Wiley, Scielo, Web of Science, LILACS and ScienceDirect. Our findings emphasize the importance of S. mansoni and S. japonicum antigens in macrophage polarization, as they exert immunomodulatory effects in different stages of the disease and are therefore important as therapeutic targets for schistosomiasis and in vaccine development. A combination of different antigens can provide greater protection, as it possibly stimulates an adequate immune response for an M1 or M2 profile and leads to host resistance; however, this warrants in vitro and in vivo studies

A list of land plants of Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Brazil, highlights the presence of sampling gaps within this protected area

Brazilian protected areas are essential for plant conservation in the Atlantic Forest domain, one of the 36 global biodiversity hotspots. A major challenge for improving conservation actions is to know the plant richness, protected by these areas. Online databases offer an accessible way to build plant species lists and to provide relevant information about biodiversity. A list of land plants of “Parque Nacional do Caparaó” (PNC) was previously built using online databases and published on the website "Catálogo de Plantas das Unidades de Conservação do Brasil." Here, we provide and discuss additional information about plant species richness, endemism and conservation in the PNC that could not be included in the List. We documented 1,791 species of land plants as occurring in PNC, of which 63 are cited as threatened (CR, EN or VU) by the Brazilian National Red List, seven as data deficient (DD) and five as priorities for conservation. Fifity-one species were possible new ocurrences for ES and MG states

DROIT HUMAIN A L'ASSAINISSEMENT : VERS L’EMANCIPATION D'UN DROIT AU NIVEAU INTERNATIONAL

No curso da evolução do direito à água no âmbito do direito internacional uma distinção foi gradativamente estabelecida entre o direito de acesso à água e o direito ao saneamento básico. Inicialmente reagrupados sob a rubrica do “direito à água”, o direito ao saneamento ganha em evidência e isso em quando o próprio direito à água busca se afirmar enquanto direito vinculante. Se a questão do acesso à água é problemática, com 663 milhões de pessoas à margem desse direito, a questão é ainda mais grave no que concerne o acesso ao saneamento básico, com 2,4 bilhões de pessoas no mundo que não dispõe de instalações adequadas. Desde o Comentário Geral nº 15 (2002) do Comitê de Direitos Econômicos, Sociais e Culturais o direito à água ganhou em evidência, repercutindo com a resolução 64/292 de 28 de julho de 2010 da Assembleia Geral da ONU (reafirmada pela resolução 68/157 de 18 de dezembro de 2013). Porém, a análise desses documentos (dentre outros) permite constatar que um direito humano ao saneamento básico parece estar diluído no direito à água. A identificação dos dois direitos em um só é problemática e constata-se um desequilíbrio na evolução de cada um, sobretudo em detrimento do direito ao saneamento. Além disso, a estreita relação entre o direito de acesso à água e o direito ao saneamento é inegável – a realização deste último estando mesmo associada à proteção dos recursos hídricos. Enquanto que um direito humano à água está ainda em evolução para sua afirmação pelo direito internacional, o direito ao saneamento parece, por sua vez, caminhar na direção de sua emancipação em relação ao primeiro. A adoção dos Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) em 25 de setembro de 2015 prova uma clara evolução em relação aos Objetivos do Milênio para o Desenvolvimento no que concerne à realização do direito à água e ao saneamento, uma vez que os ODS apresentam metas específicas para a promoção tanto do acesso à água potável como do saneamento básico (no objetivo 6). Ademais, a resolução 70/169 de 17 de dezembro de 2015, da Assembleia Geral da ONU, estabelece de forma explícita uma distinção entre o direito à água potável e o direito ao saneamento básico, enunciando inclusive que o segundo fora negligenciado

The Right to Water and International Partnerships : Reflections at the Nexus between Human Rights and International Economic Law

L'eau représente un besoin vital pour l'homme. Sous l'effet du changement climatique et en raison de sa mauvaise utilisation, sa disponibilité pour l'utilisation humaine est gravement menacée. En outre, mobiliser les moyens techniques pour en assurer l'accès est coûteux. En conséquence, l'accès à l'eau constitue un enjeu largement investi par les programmes de développement mis en avant par les institutions internationales, à l'instar des Objectifs du Millénaire définis en 2000 et des Objectifs de développement durable de 2015. Les partenariats y sont proposés comme des moyens adaptés pour pallier les déficits d'infrastructures, notamment dans des États en développement. Solution particulièrement encouragée par la Banque mondiale et d'autres institutions financières internationales, la participation privée par le biais de partenariats internationaux est prônée comme une solution de nature à associer les entités publiques généralement chargées des services de l'eau et de l'assainissement avec les entreprises du secteur ayant un savoir-faire reconnu en vue de développer l'accès à l'eau potable. Alors que les partenariats internationaux ont joué un rôle de premier plan dans l'agenda de développement pour favoriser l'accès à l'eau, sont-ils des instruments adaptés pour réaliser le droit à l'eau ? Le droit à l'eau n'a été reconnu que de manière progressive dans le système onusien de protection des droits de l'homme. L'étude met en perspective l'originalité des partenariats internationaux dans le secteur de l'eau et souligne la difficulté à les inscrire dans le cadre normatif qui s'impose pour la réalisation du droit à l'eau. Les partenariats internationaux constituent des ensembles complexes d'instruments juridiques mis en place pour l'accès à l'eau. Malgré des avancées récentes en faveur de la consolidation de la responsabilité des entreprises en matière de de droits de l'homme, la pratique témoigne de ce qu'ils sont insuffisants pour mettre en œuvre pleinement le droit à l'eau.Water is a vital human need. As a result of climate change and its misuse, its availability for human use is seriously threatened. In addition, mobilizing the technical means to ensure access is costly. As a result, access to water is targeted as a main issue by development programs put forward by international institutions, such as the Millennium Development Goals defined in 2000 and the Sustainable Development Goals of 2015. Partnerships are proposed as appropriate means to address infrastructure gaps, particularly in developing countries. Private participation through international partnerships, which is particularly encouraged by the World Bank and other international financial institutions, is advocated as a solution that can bring together public entities generally responsible for water and sanitation services with companies that have recognized know-how to develop access to drinking water. While international partnerships have played a leading role in the development agenda to promote access to water, are they appropriate instruments for realizing the right to water? The right to water has only gradually been recognized in the UN human rights protection system. This study puts into perspective the particularity of international partnerships in the water sector and highlights the difficulty of placing them within the normative framework necessary for the realization of the right to water. International partnerships are complex set of legal instruments for access to water. Despite recent progress in consolidating corporate responsibility for human rights, practice shows that they are insufficient to fully implement the right to water

REFLEXÕES SOBRE A (IN)VIABILIDADE DE UMA JURISDIÇÃO INTERNACIONAL DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS A PARTIR DO DIREITO DOS POVOS DE JOHN RAWLS

As reiteradas violações às normas de direitos humanos ocorridas no século XXI indicamque a valorização desses direitos na esfera internacional não tem implicado a sua efetiva obser- vância em todo o mundo. Discutir os desafios que devem ser superados para que seja efetivada uma jurisdição dos direitos humanos consiste, assim, em etapa fundamental para evitar que o apoio as suas normas não passe de mero artifício retórico. Com base nisso, este trabalho preten- de analisar as questões concernentes à jurisdicionalização dos direitos humanos a partir do modelo proposto pelo filósofo estadunidense John Rawls: o Direito dos Povos. Ao final, procura verificar em que medida a teoria de Rawls fornece elementos para a superação daqueles obstáculos

Work, Health and Organisation of Street Scavengers in Fortaleza, Brazil

International audienc

Next-generation Sequencing-based genomic profiling: Fostering innovation in cancer care?

OBJECTIVES: With the development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, DNA sequencing has been increasingly utilized in clinical practice. Our goal was to investigate the impact of genomic evaluation on treatment decisions for heavily pretreated patients with metastatic cancer. METHODS: We analyzed metastatic cancer patients from a single institution whose cancers had progressed after all available standard-of-care therapies and whose tumors underwent next-generation sequencing analysis. We determined the percentage of patients who received any therapy directed by the test, and its efficacy. RESULTS: From July 2013 to December 2015, 185 consecutive patients were tested using a commercially available next-generation sequencing-based test, and 157 patients were eligible. Sixty-six patients (42.0%) were female, and 91 (58.0%) were male. The mean age at diagnosis was 52.2 years, and the mean number of pre-test lines of systemic treatment was 2.7. One hundred and seventy-seven patients (95.6%) had at least one identified gene alteration. Twenty-four patients (15.2%) underwent systemic treatment directed by the test result. Of these, one patient had a complete response, four (16.7%) had partial responses, two (8.3%) had stable disease, and 17 (70.8%) had disease progression as the best result. The median progression-free survival time with matched therapy was 1.6 months, and the median overall survival was 10 months. CONCLUSION: We identified a high prevalence of gene alterations using an next-generation sequencing test. Although some benefit was associated with the matched therapy, most of the patients had disease progression as the best response, indicating the limited biological potential and unclear clinical relevance of this practice