L’archive, devenir et avenir de l’œuvre d’Henry Bauchau

L’abondance des ébauches théâtrales conservées dans les archives d’Henry Bauchau amène à considérer trois aspects encore sous-estimés dans l’approche de son œuvre. En premier lieu, sa fascination pour la forme dramatique, épique notamment, mais non suivie d’effets, rappelle que l’auteur aurait voulu être un homme d’action sans réussir dans cette voie. En second lieu, cette partie spectrale ou fantomale de son œuvre entre dans les contours de l’œuvre complète : cette inventivité dramatique, que l’on retrouve dans les autres genres pratiqués, se manifeste dans la théâtralité romanesque ou poétique. Enfin, le 3ème aspect met en évidence l’importance de la voix, intérieure notamment, qui crée différents niveaux de parole et d’écoute

Aspects de la genèse de L’Escalier bleu

L’article retrace la genèse du recueil L’Escalier bleu, dont l’écriture s’échelonne de 1958 à 1964, et qui a connu quatre éditions distinctes du vivant de l’auteur. L’étude des manuscrits, opérée en lien avec les témoignages du poète dans son journal et avec l’écriture du roman La Déchirure, relève les variantes qui trahissent la difficulté de dire un site crucial dans l’histoire de la personnalité de l’auteur. Elle montre combien l’advenue de la forme est en même temps une advenue à soi de l’écrivain

State and evolution of the African rainforests between 1990 and 2010

This paper presents a 2005 map of Africa’s rainforests with new levels of spatial and thematic detail, being derived from 250m resolution MODIS data, and having an overall accuracy of 84%. A systematic sample of Landsat images (with supplemental data from equivalent platforms to fill sample gaps) is used to produce a consistent assessment of deforestation between 1990, 2000 and 2010 for West Africa, Central Africa and Madagascar. Net deforestation is estimated at 0.28% yr-1 for the period 1990-2000 and 0.14% yr-1 for the period 2000-2010. West Africa and Madagascar exhibit a much higher deforestation rate than the Congo Basin. Based on a simple analysis of the variance over the Congo Basin, we show that expanding agriculture and increasing fuelwood demands are key drivers of deforestation while well-controlled timber exploitation programmes have little or no direct influence on forest-cover reduction at present. Rural and urban population concentrations and fluxes are identified as strong underlying causes of deforestation in this study.JRC.H.5-Land Resources Managemen

Perinatal acquisition of drug-resistant HIV-1 infection: mechanisms and long-term outcome

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Primary-HIV-1-infection in newborns that occurs under antiretroviral prophylaxis that is a high risk of drug-resistance acquisition. We examine the frequency and the mechanisms of resistance acquisition at the time of infection in newborns.</p> <p>Patients and Methods</p> <p>We studied HIV-1-infected infants born between 01 January 1997 and 31 December 2004 and enrolled in the ANRS-EPF cohort. HIV-1-RNA and HIV-1-DNA samples obtained perinatally from the newborn and mother were subjected to population-based and clonal analyses of drug resistance. If positive, serial samples were obtained from the child for resistance testing.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Ninety-two HIV-1-infected infants were born during the study period. Samples were obtained from 32 mother-child pairs and from another 28 newborns. Drug resistance was detected in 12 newborns (20%): drug resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors was seen in 10 cases, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in two cases, and protease inhibitors in one case. For 9 children, the detection of the same resistance mutations in mothers' samples (6 among 10 available) and in newborn lymphocytes (6/8) suggests that the newborn was initially infected by a drug-resistant strain. Resistance variants were either transmitted from mother-to-child or selected during subsequent temporal exposure under suboptimal perinatal prophylaxis. Follow-up studies of the infants showed that the resistance pattern remained stable over time, regardless of antiretroviral therapy, suggesting the early cellular archiving of resistant viruses. The absence of resistance in the mother of the other three children (3/10) and neonatal lymphocytes (2/8) suggests that the newborns were infected by a wild-type strain without long-term persistence of resistance when suboptimal prophylaxis was stopped.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study confirms the importance of early resistance genotyping of HIV-1-infected newborns. In most cases (75%), drug resistance was archived in the cellular reservoir and persisted during infancy, with or without antiretroviral treatment. This finding stresses the need for effective antiretroviral treatment of pregnant women.</p

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Références et citations littéraires comme instruments polémiques dans l’œuvre critique de Barbey d’Aurevilly

Catherine Mayaux «Références et citations littéraires comme instruments polémiques dans l’œuvre critique de Barbey d’Aurevilly» Barbey est l’expert par excellence de la pratique citationnelle dont il propose un véritable feu d’artifice dans une écriture que couturent allusions, emprunts et plagiats assumés par la posture du polémiste. Ce matériau citationnel semble occuper l’esprit autant que la parole du critique à la manière d’une littérature première à l’aune de laquelle se jaugent travaux, opinions, textes et auteurs qu’aborde le polémiste. Il constitue une grille de lecture des hommes et de leurs écrits ; mais celle-ci n’a rien de figé puisqu’elle s’offre aussi comme l’amorce d’une inventivité et d’une productivité de l’écriture auxquelles Barbey cède souvent moins en critique qu’en poète.Mayaux Catherine. Références et citations littéraires comme instruments polémiques dans l’œuvre critique de Barbey d’Aurevilly. In: Littératures 58-59,2008. Barbey, polémiste. pp. 165-177

Le fonds extrême-oriental de la bibliothèque de trois poètes: Paul Claudel, Saint-John Perse, Henry Bauchau

Claudel, Saint-John Perse et Henry Bauchau se sont tous trois beaucoup intéressés à l’Extrême-Orient, mais dans des perspectives différentes. Ces poètes appartiennent à trois générations distinctes d’écrivains, puisque Claudel, né en 1868, fut diplomate en Chine de 1895 à 1909, puis au Japon dans les années 1921 à 1927. Alexis Leger, né en 1887, fut secrétaire d’ambassade à Pékin de 1916 à 1921. Henry Bauchau, né en 1913, ne fera jamais qu’un voyage mental en Extrême-Orient: par ses lectures,..