Somatic evolution and global expansion of an ancient transmissible cancer lineage

The canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) is a cancer lineage that arose several millennia ago and survives by ‘metastasising’ between hosts via cell transfer. The somatic mutations in this cancer record its phylogeography and evolutionary history. We constructed a time-resolved phylogeny from 546 CTVT exomes and describe the lineage’s worldwide expansion. Examining variation in mutational exposure, we identify a highly context-specific mutational process that operated early but subsequently vanished, correlate ultraviolet-light mutagenesis with tumour latitude, and describe tumours with heritable hyperactivity of an endogenous mutational process. CTVT displays little evidence of ongoing positive selection, and negative selection is detectable only in essential genes. We illustrate how long-lived clonal organisms capture changing mutagenic environments, and reveal that neutral drift is the dominant feature of long-term cancer evolution

Mitochondrial genetic diversity, selection and recombination in a canine transmissible cancer.

Canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) is a clonally transmissible cancer that originated approximately 11,000 years ago and affects dogs worldwide. Despite the clonal origin of the CTVT nuclear genome, CTVT mitochondrial genomes (mtDNAs) have been acquired by periodic capture from transient hosts. We sequenced 449 complete mtDNAs from a global population of CTVTs, and show that mtDNA horizontal transfer has occurred at least five times, delineating five tumour clades whose distributions track two millennia of dog global migration. Negative selection has operated to prevent accumulation of deleterious mutations in captured mtDNA, and recombination has caused occasional mtDNA re-assortment. These findings implicate functional mtDNA as a driver of CTVT global metastatic spread, further highlighting the important role of mtDNA in cancer evolution.Wellcome Trust Investigator Award, 102942/Z/13/A Elizabeth P Murchison Leverhulme Trust Philip Leverhulme Prize Elizabeth P Murchison Royal Society Research Grant, RG130615 Elizabeth P Murchiso

Somatic evolution and global expansion of an ancient transmissible cancer lineage

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T15:53:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-08-02GPD Charitable TrustLeverhulme TrustThe canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is a cancer lineage that arose several millennia ago and survives by “metastasizing” between hosts through cell transfer. The somatic mutations in this cancer record its phylogeography and evolutionary history. We constructed a time-resolved phylogeny from 546 CTVT exomes and describe the lineage's worldwide expansion. Examining variation in mutational exposure, we identify a highly context-specific mutational process that operated early in the cancer's evolution but subsequently vanished, correlate ultraviolet-light mutagenesis with tumor latitude, and describe tumors with heritable hyperactivity of an endogenous mutational process. CTVT displays little evidence of ongoing positive selection, and negative selection is detectable only in essential genes. We illustrate how long-lived clonal organisms capture changing mutagenic environments, and reveal that neutral genetic drift is the dominant feature of long-term cancer evolution.Transmissible Cancer Group Department of Veterinary Medicine University of CambridgeAnimal Management in Rural and Remote Indigenous Communities (AMRRIC)World VetsAnimal Shelter Stichting Dierenbescherming SurinameSikkim Anti-Rabies and Animal Health Programme Department of Animal Husbandry Livestock Fisheries and Veterinary Services Government of SikkimRoyal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies Roslin Institute University of Edinburgh Easter Bush CampusConserLab Animal Preventive Medicine Department Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences University of ChileCorozal Veterinary Hospital University of PanamáSt. George's UniversityNakuru District Veterinary Scheme LtdAnimal Medical CentreInternational Animal Welfare Training Institute UC Davis School of Veterinary MedicineCentro Universitário de Rio Preto (UNIRP)Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery São Paulo State University (UNESP)Ladybrand Animal ClinicVeterinary Clinic Sr. Dog'sWorld Vets Latin America Veterinary Training CenterNational Veterinary Research InstituteAnimal ClinicIntermunicipal Stray Animals Care Centre (DIKEPAZ)Animal Protection Society of SamoaFaculty of Veterinary Science University of ZuliaVeterinary Clinic BIOCONTROLFaculty of Veterinary Medicine School of Health Sciences University of ThessalyVeterinary Clinic El Roble Animal Healthcare Network Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences University of ChileOnevetGroup Hospital Veterinário BernaUniversidade Vila VelhaVeterinary Clinic ZoovetservisÉcole Inter-états des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires de DakarDepartment of Small Animal Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht UniversityVetexpert Veterinary GroupVeterinary Clinic Lopez QuintanaClinique Veterinaire de Grand Fond Saint Gilles les BainsDepartment of Veterinary Sciences University of MessinaFacultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Autónoma del Estado de MéxicoSchool of Veterinary Medicine Universidad de las AméricasCancer Development and Innate Immune Evasion Lab Champalimaud Center for the UnknownTouray and Meyer Vet ClinicHillside Animal HospitalKampala Veterinary SurgeryAsavet Veterinary CharitiesVets Beyond BordersFaculty of Veterinary Medicine Autonomous University of YucatanLaboratorio de Patología Veterinaria Universidad de CaldasInterdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health (CIISA) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of LisbonFour Paws InternationalHelp in SufferingVeterinary Clinic Dr José RojasDepartment of Biotechnology Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management SciencesCorozal Veterinary ClinicVeterinary Clinic VetmasterState Hospital of Veterinary MedicineJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyLaboratory of Biomedicine and Regenerative Medicine Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences University of ChileFaculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences University of MelbourneAnimal Anti Cruelty LeagueClinical Sciences Department Faculty of Veterinary Medicine BucharestDepartment of Pathology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ankara UniversityFaculty of Veterinary Sciences National University of AsuncionLilongwe Society for Protection and Care of Animals (LSPCA)Wellcome Sanger InstituteDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of California San DiegoDepartment of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery São Paulo State University (UNESP)Leverhulme Trust: 102942/Z/13/

Recurrent horizontal transfer identifies mitochondrial positive selection in a transmissible cancer

Abstract: Autonomous replication and segregation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) creates the potential for evolutionary conflict driven by emergence of haplotypes under positive selection for ‘selfish’ traits, such as replicative advantage. However, few cases of this phenomenon arising within natural populations have been described. Here, we survey the frequency of mtDNA horizontal transfer within the canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT), a contagious cancer clone that occasionally acquires mtDNA from its hosts. Remarkably, one canine mtDNA haplotype, A1d1a, has repeatedly and recently colonised CTVT cells, recurrently replacing incumbent CTVT haplotypes. An A1d1a control region polymorphism predicted to influence transcription is fixed in the products of an A1d1a recombination event and occurs somatically on other CTVT mtDNA backgrounds. We present a model whereby ‘selfish’ positive selection acting on a regulatory variant drives repeated fixation of A1d1a within CTVT cells

VizieR Online Data Catalog: 1Jy northern AGN sample (Planck+, 2016)

The complete sample presented in this paper consists of 104 northern and equatorial radio-loud AGN. It includes all AGN with declination >=-10° that have a measured average radio flux density at 37GHz exceeding 1Jy. Most of the sample sources have been monitored at Metsahovi Radio Observatory for many years, and the brightest sources have been observed for up to 30yr. (1 data file)

Inclusión educativa en Paraguay: Un análisis de los programas orientados al acceso a la educación de jóvenes en situación de vulnerabilidad y exclusión social

The main objective of the work was to analyze the progresses and limitations of the public policies that were implemented by the governments between 2008-2013 and 2013-2018 concerning inclusive education of young people in Paraguay. The methodology used was based on a qualitative approach based on review of documents available on the web from institutions and also from articles, work documents and reports from the Ministry of Education and Science (MEC) (development plans, management reports, evaluations of programs and projects implemented) of the periods mentioned previously and that analyzed the policies and stated the results obtained in Paraguay. From the programs implemented and evaluated we can conclude that there are progresses regarding programs intended to be inclusive meaning they seek to respond the demands of these sectors. Nonetheless we were not able to determine the true extent of the expected results since there were no clear indicators and no evaluation of the process. Also, several vulnerable groups are still lagging behind: indigenous people, persons with disabilities, rural sectors, etc. The inclusive approach of the programs is valued, but it is considered necessary to evaluate these programs in order to identify the modalities, strategies, and more efficient times to respond to the educational demand of the different sectors.El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar los avances y limitaciones de las políticas públicas que se implementaron en los gobiernos 2008–2013 y 2013–2018 enfocados a la inclusión educativa de jóvenes en Paraguay. La metodología utilizada fue cualitativa y la técnica empleada de revisión documental. Se recurrió a examinar los documentos accesibles a través de los sitios web de las instituciones, como también documentos de trabajos y artículos de investigaciones e informes oficiales del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencias (MEC) (planes de desarrollo, informes de gestión, evaluaciones de programas y proyectos implementados) de los últimos dos gobiernos mencionados, que analizaban estas políticas y daban a luz los resultados obtenidos en el país. De los programas implementados y evaluados se pudo concluir que existen avances en cuestión de diseños metodológicos que plantean ser inclusivos, es decir, buscan responder a las demandas de ciertos sectores, sin embargo, no se pudo determinar el alcance de los resultados previstos de los programas desarrollados porque no cuentan con indicadores claros y no existe un proceso de evaluación. Por otra parte, aún quedan rezagados varios grupos vulnerables: indígenas, personas con discapacidad, sectores rurales, etc. Se valora la mirada inclusiva de los programas, pero se considera necesaria la evaluación de éstos programas de manera a poder identificar las modalidades, estrategias, tiempos más eficientes para responder a la demanda educativa de los diversos sectores

Educación ambiental y jóvenes: Influencia de las creencias y actitudes en comportamientos pro-ambientales en estudiantes de noveno grado, del departamento Central - Paraguay

The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of belief and attitudes the ninth grade students toward pro-environmental behaviors. The data were collected from non-probabilistic sample from public school of the Central Department from Paraguay. We apply a Likert questionnaire to 200 students from ninth grade, sort out items such as beliefs, attitudes and behaviors. The methodology applied was the chi-square test where we want to relate the beliefs to attitudes and sustainable behaviors. The results suggest that general beliefs about the importance of environment they do not have implicance in attitudes and behaviors environmental, however, when the beliefs are specific, and clearly wrong, the consequences in the actions are not in lines with the sustainability of the environment are clear. Hence, is very important to rethink about Paraguay environmental education and arise actions strategy that implies the involvement and coordination with different sectors of society.El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar la influencia que ejercen las creencias y actitudes de los estudiantes de noveno grado hacia comportamientos pro-ambientales. Para ello se realizó una muestra no probabilística de colegios de gestión oficial del departamento Central de Paraguay, se aplicó un cuestionario con escala tipo Likert a 200 estudiantes de noveno grado, con ítems clasificados en creencias, actitudes y comportamientos. A partir de las respuestas se aplicó el análisis estadístico de chi-X2, donde se buscaba relacionar las creencias con actitudes y comportamientos sostenibles. Resultó que cuando se trata de creencias generales sobre la importancia del medio ambiente, no tienen implicancia en las actitudes y comportamientos ambientales responsables, sin embargo, cuando estas creencias son sobre cuestiones específicas, y claramente erradas, las consecuencias en acciones no acordes con la sostenibilidad del medio son claras. Por lo tanto, es importante repensar sobre la educación ambiental en Paraguay y plantearse estrategias de acción que implique el involucramiento y coordinación con los diferentes sectores de la sociedad

Educación ambiental y jóvenes: Influencia de las creencias y actitudes en comportamientos pro-ambientales en estudiantes de noveno grado, del departamento Central - Paraguay

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar la influencia que ejercen las creencias y actitudes de los estudiantes de noveno grado hacia comportamientos pro-ambientales. Para ello se realizó una muestra no probabilística de colegios de gestión oficial del departamento Central de Paraguay, se aplicó un cuestionario con escala tipo Likert, a 200 estudiantes de noveno grado, con ítems clasificados en creencias, actitudes y comportamientos. A partir de las respuestas se aplicó el análisis estadístico de chi-X2, donde se buscaba relacionar las creencias con actitudes y comportamientos sostenibles. Resultó que cuando se trata de creencias generales sobre la importancia del medio ambiente, no tienen implicancia en las actitudes y comportamientos ambientales responsables, sin embargo, cuando estas creencias son sobre cuestiones específicas, y claramente erradas, las consecuencias en acciones no acordes con la sostenibilidad del medio son claras