Effects of Reading Proficiency and of Base and Whole-Word Frequency on Reading Noun- and Verb-Derived Words: An Eye-Tracking Study in Italian Primary School Children

The aim of this study is to assess the role of readers’ proficiency and of the base-word distributional properties on eye-movement behavior. Sixty-two typically developing children, attending 3rd, 4th, and 5th grade, were asked to read derived words in a sentence context. Target words were nouns derived from noun bases (e.g., umorista, ‘humorist’), which in Italian are shared by few derived words, and nouns derived from verb bases (e.g., punizione, ‘punishment’), which are shared by about 50 different inflected forms and several derived words. Data shows that base and word frequency affected first-fixation duration for nouns derived from noun bases, but in an opposite way: base frequency had a facilitative effect on first fixation, whereas word frequency exerted an inhibitory effect. These results were interpreted as a competition between early accessed base words (e.g., camino, chimney) and target words (e.g., caminetto, fireplace). For nouns derived from verb bases, an inhibitory base frequency effect but no word frequency effect was observed. These results suggest that syntactic context, calling for a noun in the target position, lead to an inhibitory effect when a verb base was detected, and made it difficult for readers to access the corresponding base+suffix combination (whole word) in the very early processing phases. Gaze duration was mainly affected by word frequency and length: for nouns derived from noun bases, this interaction was modulated by proficiency, as length effect was stronger for less proficient readers, while they were processing low-frequency words. For nouns derived from verb bases, though, all children, irrespective of their reading ability, showed sensitivity to the interaction within frequency of base+suffix combination (word frequency) and target length. Results of this study are consistent with those of other Italian studies that contrasted noun and verb processing, and confirm that distributional properties of morphemic constituents have a significant impact on the strategies used for processing morphologically complex words

Photoelectrochemical behavior of electrophoretically deposited hematite thin films modified with ti(IV)

: Doping hematite with different elements is a common strategy to improve the electrocatalytic activity towards the water oxidation reaction, although the exact effect of these external agents is not yet clearly understood. Using a feasible electrophoretic procedure, we prepared modified hematite films by introducing in the deposition solution Ti(IV) butoxide. Photoelectrochemical performances of all the modified electrodes were superior to the unmodified one, with a 4-fold increase in the photocurrent at 0.65 V vs. SCE in 0.1 M NaOH (pH 13.3) for the 5% Ti-modified electrode, which was the best performing electrode. Subsequent functionalization with an iron-based catalyst led, at the same potential, to a photocurrent of ca. 1.5 mA?cm-2 , one of the highest achieved with materials based on solution processing in the absence of precious elements. AFM, XPS, TEM and XANES analyses revealed the formation of different Ti(IV) oxide phases on the hematite surface, that can reduce surface state recombination and enhance hole injection through local surface field effects, as confirmed by electrochemical impedance analysis

Gold nanoparticles onto cerium oxycarbonate as highly efficient catalyst for aerobic allyl alcohol oxidation

Abstract Au nanoparticles, generated by the metal vapor synthesis technique, were supported onto cerium oxycarbonate monohydrate (Ce2O(CO3)2·H2O) giving Au@Ce2O(CO3)2·H2O. The obtained heterogeneous catalyst was used in the aerobic allyl alcohol oxidation reaction performed in toluene, showing a notably higher catalytic substrate conversion and isomerization activity compared to Au onto ceria, which is the reference catalyst for this type of catalysis. Results originating from catalytic recycling experiments and PXRD, HRTEM and XPS measurements carried out on recovered Au@Ce2O(CO3)2·H2O, confirmed the stability of the catalyst under aerobic oxidation reaction conditions and hence its recyclability, without the need of a regeneration step

Ultrafine palladium nanoparticles immobilized into poly(4-vinylpyridine)-based porous monolith for continuous-flow Mizoroki-Heck reaction

Ultrafine Pd nanoparticles (dm = 2.3 nm), obtained by metal vapor synthesis technique, were immobilized into a poly(4-vinylpyridine)-based porous monolith by means of a new synthetic approach. The synthesis involves stabilization of Pd nanoparticles with 4-vinylpyridine ligand and their subsequent immobilization into the monolith by radical co-polymerization of the resulting metal-embedding monomer with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate in presence of porogenic agents (i.e. DMF and PEG-400) inside stainless-steel columns (HPLC type). The hybrid monolithic reactors containing highly dispersed Pd nanoparticles were effectively used as catalyst for Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling reactions carried out under continuous-flow conditions. The devices showed long life-time (>65 h) and very low Pd leaching (<2 ppm)

Проблеми побудови відкритої та гнучкої методичної системи навчання математичних методів фізики у педагогічних університетах

(uk) Розглядаються тенденції розвитку фундаментальної фізико-математичної освіти, зближення природничо-наукового та гуманітарного, що уможливлюють розв’язання проблеми побудови відкритої та гнучкої науково-обґрунтованої методичної системи навчання математичних методів фізики у педагогічних університетах.(en) The article examines progressive trends of fundamental physical and mathematical education, rapprochement of naturally scientific and humanitarian, that makes possible to solve the problem of constructing the open and flexible scientifically reasonable methodical systeme of mathematical methods of physics teaching inpedagogical universities

A convenient preparation of La2CuO4 from molecular precursors

Exhaustive hydrolysis of a mixture of [La4(CO3)(O2CNBu2)10] and [Cu(O2CNBu2)(py∗)2] (py∗ = 4-dimethylamino pyridine) in molar ratio 1/2 corresponding to a La/Cu molar ratio 2/1 was carried out in toluene at room temperature. The carbamato derivatives of lanthanum and copper can be easily prepared by extraction of the metal ions from aqueous solution into heptane by the NHBu2/CO2 system, according to a method previously reported. The copper precursor was selected among a number of derivatives in respect of its easy tractability. The tetragonal modification T’ of La2CuO4 was obtained by treatment at 600 °C of the intermediate mixed carbonate. The thermal treatment of T’-La2CuO4 at 850 °C, followed by cooling down to room temperature, afforded the orthorhombic modification of the mixed oxide

CD31 signals confer immune privilege to the vascular endothelium

This work was supported by British Heart Foundation Grant FS/11/64/ 2894

Obesity-Induced Metabolic Stress Leads to Biased Effector Memory CD4+ T Cell Differentiation via PI3K p110δ-Akt-Mediated Signals.

Low-grade systemic inflammation associated to obesity leads to cardiovascular complications, caused partly by infiltration of adipose and vascular tissue by effector T cells. The signals leading to T cell differentiation and tissue infiltration during obesity are poorly understood. We tested whether saturated fatty acid-induced metabolic stress affects differentiation and trafficking patterns of CD4+ T cells. Memory CD4+ T cells primed in high-fat diet-fed donors preferentially migrated to non-lymphoid, inflammatory sites, independent of the metabolic status of the hosts. This was due to biased CD4+ T cell differentiation into CD44hi-CCR7lo-CD62Llo-CXCR3+-LFA1+ effector memory-like T cells upon priming in high-fat diet-fed animals. Similar phenotype was observed in obese subjects in a cohort of free-living people. This developmental bias was independent of any crosstalk between CD4+ T cells and dendritic cells and was mediated via direct exposure of CD4+ T cells to palmitate, leading to increased activation of a PI3K p110δ-Akt-dependent pathway upon priming

Incidencia de fechas de supresión del cultivo de cobertura previo a maíz

La vicia villosa (VV) pura o consociada con una gramínea es una alternativa válida a ser utilizada como cultivo de cobertura (CC) previo al cultivo de maíz. Los aportes del CC y su influencia sobre el cultivo de cosecha va a depender del manejo como de las condiciones climáticas que ocurran durante el ciclo de ambos. La definición de la fecha de supresión del crecimiento del CC, en función de los pronósticos climáticos del ciclo agrícola, surge como una alternativa de manejo para tratar de lograr el mejor resultado posible del cultivo de cosecha. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el aporte de materia seca (MS), el porcentaje de humedad superficial, la cantidad de agua útil hasta 1,5 m de profundidad, la disponibilidad de nitrógeno (N) y el rendimiento del maíz en función de diferentes fechas de supresión del crecimiento del cultivo de VV y VV consociada con trigo (VV+T). Durante el ciclo 2021-22 se instalaron dos ensayos en lotes de producción de la EEA INTA Marcos Juárez, uno con VV y otro con VV+T como CC en los que se definieron cuatro fechas de supresión del crecimiento de los mismos previo a la siembra del maíz. La consociación VV+T aportó mayor cantidad de MS que la VV pura. El T afectó el crecimiento de la VV en la consociación. La disponibilidad superficial de N y el porcentaje de humedad superficial fueron afectados por los CC. El agua útil en el perfil del suelo previo a la siembra fue mayor sobre barbecho que sobre CC. No se observaron mayores beneficios al adelantar la fecha de supresión del crecimiento del CC para las variables medidas antes de la siembra, pero sí sobre el rendimiento del maíz.Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Marcos JuárezFil: Gudelj, Vicente Jorge. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Marcos Juárez; ArgentinaFil: Conde, María Belén. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Marcos Juárez; ArgentinaFil: Lorenzón, Claudio Antonio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Marcos Juárez; ArgentinaFil: Marelli, Patricio Martín. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Marcos Juárez; ArgentinaFil: Seravalle, Rubén Darío. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Marcos Juárez; ArgentinaFil: Pereyra, Luciano Alberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Marcos Juárez; ArgentinaFil: Gudelj, Olga Esther. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Marcos Juárez; Argentin