Convulsão Febril em crianças: uma revisão abrangente de diagnóstico, manejo e prognóstico

This Febrile seizure (FC) can be defined as a seizure in children aged between 6 and 60 months, with fever and who do not have intracranial infection, metabolic disorders or a previous history of afebrile seizure. It is the main cause of seizures in children and at least 4% of children in South America will develop it. This literature review searched for studies in the PubMed, Scielo and LILACS databases, using the descriptors "Febrile Seizures" and "febrile convulsion". 1902 studies were obtained, of which 09 were selected because they best addressed the chosen topic and were published in English or Portuguese. A febrile seizure can occur at any time during a febrile illness, but it usually occurs when the child reaches a temperature of over 38ºC. They are classified according to their duration, with those lasting less than 10-15 minutes being considered simple and those lasting longer being considered complex, which are more likely to recur and require hospitalization and the use of medication to control the seizures. The diagnosis is essentially clinical, but laboratory tests should be carried out to determine the cause of the fever and monitor the patient. In addition, imaging tests and electroencephalography should only be carried out in cases of neuronal involvement, which is rare. CF is a very common condition among children and is usually benign, but it causes great anxiety among the caregivers of affected children, and it is the doctor's role to reassure them and clearly explain the good prognosis.La convulsión febril (CF) puede definirse como una convulsión en niños de entre 6 y 60 meses, con fiebre y que no presentan infección intracraneal, trastornos metabólicos ni antecedentes de convulsión febril. Es la principal causa de convulsiones en niños y al menos el 4% de los niños en Sudamérica la desarrollarán. Esta revisión bibliográfica buscó estudios en las bases de datos PubMed, Scielo y LILACS, utilizando los descriptores "Febrile Seizures" y "febrile convulsion". Se obtuvieron 1902 estudios, de los cuales se seleccionaron 09 por ser los que mejor abordaban el tema elegido y estar publicados en inglés o portugués. Una convulsión febril puede ocurrir en cualquier momento durante una enfermedad febril, pero generalmente ocurre cuando el niño alcanza una temperatura superior a 38ºC. Se clasifican según su duración, considerándose simples las que duran menos de 10-15 minutos y complejas las que duran más tiempo, que tienen más probabilidades de repetirse y requieren hospitalización y el uso de medicación para controlar las convulsiones. El diagnóstico es esencialmente clínico, pero deben realizarse pruebas de laboratorio para determinar la causa de la fiebre y vigilar al paciente. Además, las pruebas de imagen y la electroencefalografía sólo deben realizarse en caso de afectación neuronal, que es poco frecuente. La FQ es una enfermedad muy frecuente entre los niños y suele ser benigna, pero causa gran ansiedad entre los cuidadores de los niños afectados, y es función del médico tranquilizarlos y explicarles claramente el buen pronóstico.Convulsão febril (CF) pode ser definida como uma convulsão em crianças com idade entre 6 e 60 meses, com febre e que não apresentam infecção intracraniana, distúrbios metabólicos ou história prévia de convulsão afebril. Ela é a principal causa de convulsão em crianças e pelo menos 4% das crianças da América do Sul a desenvolverão. Nessa revisão de literatura buscaram-se estudos nos bancos de dados do PubMed, Scielo e LILACS. Foram utilizados os descritores “Seizures Febrile” e “convulsão febril”, obtendo-se 1902 estudos, dos quais 09 foram selecionados por abordarem melhor o tema escolhido e serem publicados em inglês ou português. A convulsão febril pode se manifestar a qualquer momento da doença febril, mas ela costuma ocorrer quando a criança atinge temperaturas superiores a 38ºC. Ela é classificada quanto ao tempo de duração, sendo que aquelas com menos de 10-15 minutos são consideradas simples e com mais tempo são as complexas, sendo estas mais prováveis de recorrerem e de necessitarem de internação e do uso de medicamentos para controle das crises. O diagnóstico é essencialmente clínico, mas deve-se realizar exames laboratoriais para definição da causa da febre e acompanhamento do paciente. Além disso, exames de imagem e eletroencefalografia devem ser feitos apenas em casos de comprometimento neuronal, o que é raro. A CF é uma condição muito frequente entre as crianças e que costuma ser benigna, mas que gera grande ansiedade nos cuidadores das crianças que acometidas, sendo papel do médico tranquilizá-los e explicar de forma clara sobre o bom prognóstico.&nbsp

Measurement and Interpretation of Fermion-Pair Production at LEP energies above the Z Resonance

This paper presents DELPHI measurements and interpretations of cross-sections, forward-backward asymmetries, and angular distributions, for the e+e- -> ffbar process for centre-of-mass energies above the Z resonance, from sqrt(s) ~ 130 - 207 GeV at the LEP collider. The measurements are consistent with the predictions of the Standard Model and are used to study a variety of models including the S-Matrix ansatz for e+e- -> ffbar scattering and several models which include physics beyond the Standard Model: the exchange of Z' bosons, contact interactions between fermions, the exchange of gravitons in large extra dimensions and the exchange of sneutrino in R-parity violating supersymmetry.Comment: 79 pages, 16 figures, Accepted by Eur. Phys. J.

A Determination of the Centre-of-Mass Energy at LEP2 using Radiative 2-fermion Events

Using e+e- -> mu+mu-(gamma) and e+e- -> qqbar(gamma) events radiative to the Z pole, DELPHI has determined the centre-of-mass energy, sqrt{s}, using energy and momentum constraint methods. The results are expressed as deviations from the nominal LEP centre-of-mass energy, measured using other techniques. The results are found to be compatible with the LEP Energy Working Group estimates for a combination of the 1997 to 2000 data sets.Comment: 20 pages, 6 figures, Accepted by Eur. Phys. J.

Energy dependence of Cronin momentum in saturation model for p+Ap+A and A+AA+A collisions

We calculate $\sqrt{s}$ dependence of Cronin momentum for $p+A$ and $A+A$ collisions in saturation model. We show that this dependence is consistent with expectation from formula which was obtained using simple dimentional consideration. This can be used to test validity of saturation model (and distinguish among its variants) and measure $x$ dependence of saturation momentum from experimental data.Comment: LaTeX2e, 12 pages, 8 figure

Study of Tau-pair Production in Photon-Photon Collisions at LEP and Limits on the Anomalous Electromagnetic Moments of the Tau Lepton

Tau-pair production in the process e+e- -> e+e-tau+tau- was studied using data collected by the DELPHI experiment at LEP2 during the years 1997 - 2000. The corresponding integrated luminosity is 650 pb^{-1}. The values of the cross-section obtained are found to be in agreement with QED predictions. Limits on the anomalous magnetic and electric dipole moments of the tau lepton are deduced.Comment: 20 pages, 9 figures, Accepted by Eur. Phys. J.

A Measurement of the Tau Hadronic Branching Ratios

The exclusive and semi-exclusive branching ratios of the tau lepton hadronic decay modes (h- v_t, h- pi0 v_t, h- pi0 pi0 v_t, h- \geq 2pi0 v_t, h- \geq 3pi0 v_t, 2h- h+ v_t, 2h- h+ pi0 v_t, 2h- h+ \geq 2pi0 v_t, 3h- 2h+ v_t and 3h- 2h+ \geq 1pi0 v_t) were measured with data from the DELPHI detector at LEP.Comment: 53 pages, 18 figures, Accepted by Eur. Phys. J.

Evidence for an Excess of Soft Photons in Hadronic Decays of Z^0

Soft photons inside hadronic jets converted in front of the DELPHI main tracker (TPC) in events of qqbar disintegrations of the Z^0 were studied in the kinematic range 0.2 < E_gamma < 1 GeV and transverse momentum with respect to the closest jet direction p_T < 80 MeV/c. A clear excess of photons in the experimental data as compared to the Monte Carlo predictions is observed. This excess (uncorrected for the photon detection efficiency) is (1.17 +/- 0.06 +/- 0.27) x 10^{-3} gamma/jet in the specified kinematic region, while the expected level of the inner hadronic bremsstrahlung (which is not included in the Monte Carlo) is (0.340 +/- 0.001 +/- 0.038) x 10^{-3} gamma/jet. The ratio of the excess to the predicted bremsstrahlung rate is then (3.4 +/- 0.2 +/- 0.8), which is similar in strength to the anomalous soft photon signal observed in fixed target experiments with hadronic beams.Comment: 37 pages, 9 figures, Accepted by Eur. Phys. J.

Study of Inclusive J/psi Production in Two-Photon Collisions at LEP II with the DELPHI Detector

Inclusive J/psi production in photon-photon collisions has been observed at LEP II beam energies. A clear signal from the reaction gamma gamma -> J/psi+X is seen. The number of observed N(J/psi -> mu+mu-) events is 36 +/- 7 for an integrated luminosity of 617 pb^{-1}, yielding a cross-section of sigma(J/psi+X) = 45 +/- 9 (stat) +/- 17 (syst) pb. Based on a study of the event shapes of different types of gamma gamma processes in the PYTHIA program, we conclude that (74 +/- 22)% of the observed J/psi events are due to `resolved' photons, the dominant contribution of which is most probably due to the gluon content of the photon.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures, Accepted by Phys. Lett.

CP asymmetry in B→ϕKSB \to \phi K_S in a general two-Higgs-doublet model with fourth-generation quarks

We discuss the time-dependent CP asymmetry of decay $B \to \phi K_S$ in an extension of the Standard Model with both two Higgs doublets and additional fourth-generation quarks. We show that although the Standard Model with two-Higgs-doublet and the Standard model with fourth generation quarks alone are not likely to largely change the effective $\sin 2 \beta$ from the decay of $B \to \phi K_S$, the model with both additional Higgs doublet and fourth-generation quarks can easily account for the possible large negative value of $\sin 2 \beta$ without conflicting with other experimental constraints. In this model, additional large CP violating effects may arise from the flavor changing Yukawa interactions between neutral Higgs bosons and the heavy fourth generation down type quark, which can modify the QCD penguin contributions. With the constraints obtained from $b \to s \bar{s} s$ processes such as $B \to X_s \gamma$ and $\Delta m_{B_s^0}$, this model can lead to the effective $\sin 2 \beta$ to be as large as $- 0.4$ in the CP asymmetry of $B \to \phi K_S$.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures, references added, to appear in Eur.Phys.J.

A Precise Measurement of the Tau Lifetime

The tau lepton lifetime has been measured with the e+e- -> tau+tau- events collected by the DELPHI detector at LEP in the years 1991-1995. Three different methods have been exploited, using both one-prong and three-prong tau decay channels. Two measurements have been made using events in which both taus decay to a single charged particle. Combining these measurements gave tau_tau (1 prong) = 291.8 +/- 2.3 (stat) +/- 1.5 (sys) fs. A third measurement using taus which decayed to three charged particles yielded tau_tau (3 prong) = 288.6 +/- 2.4 (stat) +/- 1.3 (sys) fs. These were combined with previous DELPHI results to measure the tau lifetime, using the full LEP1 data sample, to be tau_tau = 290.9 +/- 1.4 (stat) +/- 1.0 (sys) fs.Comment: 27 pages, 7 figure