DISTRIBUIÇÃO MENSAL E ATIVIDADE HORÁRIA DE Anopheles (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) EM UMA ÁREA RURAL DA AMAZÔNIA ORIENTAL.

The objective of this research is to characterize the monthly distribution of Anopheles species and its hourly frequency in São José do Mata Fome a rural area Community, Macapá AP. The samples were collected between February 2008 and January 2009 using two Shannon traps, the first being installed in an environment of gallery forest and the second in a peridomicile environment, between 1800h and 2400h. After collection, the material was packed in plastic bottles and transported to the Arthropoda laboratory of the Federal University of Amapa and then subjected to identification. A Total 6,435 specimens were registered, and 4,471 (69.48%) in peridomiciliary and 1,964 (30.52%) in the woods. The most abundant species were Anopheles braziliensis (35.68%),A. nuneztovari (22.89%), A. peryassui (13.63%), A. marajoara (12.84%), A. darlingi (7.74%) and 7.24% other species. Regarding the hourly frequency, the identified Anopheles showed variations both in the woods and peridomicile areas, at their peaks of abundance. The results will contribute to knowledge about the diversity of Anopheles in the State of Amapá, allowing the increase of information on the distribution of these species and their vectorial capacity in relation to malaria transmission in order to improve the effectiveness of control measures.Keywords: Abundance; Malaria; Seasonality; Shannon.A investigação tem como objetivo caracterizar a distribuição mensal de espécies anofélicas e sua frequência horária na Comunidade São José do Mata Fome, área rural de Macapá-AP. As coletas foram realizadas entre fevereiro de 2008 a janeiro de 2009 com uso de duas armadilhas de Shannon, sendo a primeira instalada em ambiente de mata de galeria e a segunda no peridomicílio, nos horários de18:00h às 24:00h. Após a coleta, o material foi acondicionado em frascos plásticos e transportado até o laboratório de Arhropoda da Universidade Federal do Amapá e posteriormente submetido à identificação. Totalizaram 6435 exemplares registrados, sendo 4471 (69,48%) noperidomicílio e 1964 (30,52%) na mata. As espécies mais abundantes foram: An. braziliensis (35,68%), An. nuneztovari (22,89%), An. peryassui (13,63%), An. marajoara (12,84%), An. darlingi (7,74%) e 7,24% outras espécies. Em relação à frequência horária, os anofelinos supracitados apresentaram variações, tanto no peridomicílio quanto na mata, em seuspicos de abundância. Os resultados obtidos contribuirão para o conhecimento da diversidade de Anopheles no Estado do Amapá, possibilitando o incremento de informações sobre a distribuição dessas espécies e sua capacidade vetorial com relação à transmissão de malária, visando com isso, eficácia nas medidas de controle.Palavras-chave: Abundância, Malária, Sazonalidade, Shannon

Composition, abundance and aspects of temporal variation in the distribution of Anopheles species in an area of Eastern Amazonia

Introduction: The diverse and complex environmental conditions of the Amazon Basin favor the breeding and development of Anopheles species. This study aimed to describe the composition, abundance and temporal frequency of Anopheles species and to correlate these factors with precipitation, temperature and relative humidity. Methods: The study was conducted in the District of Coração, State of Amapá, Brazil. Samples were collected monthly during three consecutive nights, from 6:00 PM to 10:00 PM, from December 2010 to November 2011. In addition, four 12-hour collections (i.e., 6:00 PM to 6:00 AM) were performed during this period. Results: A total of 1,230 Anopheles specimens were collected. In the monthly collections, Anopheles darlingi was the predominant species, followed by An. braziliensis and An. albitarsis s.l., whereas An. darlingi, An. peryassui and An. braziliensis were the most frequent species collected in the 12-hour collections. The greatest number of anophelines was collected in September (the dry season). The highest frequency of anophelines was observed for An. darlingi during September, when there were the least rainfalls of the year, along with lower relative humidity and higher temperatures. There was little variation in the abundance of this species in other months, with the exception of slight increases in February, July and August. Conclusions: The major malaria vectors, An. darlingi and An. albitarsis s.l. (likely An. marajoara), were the most abundant species collected in the study area. Consequently, prevention and control measures should be taken to prevent malaria outbreaks in the District of Coração

Silicon accumulation in bioenergetic sunflower germination

Silicon is considered a beneficial element for several plants, especially in crops with potential for residual biodiesel, and can provide an increase in dry matter in oilseeds. The objective of this work was to evaluate the accumulative power of silicon on sunflower germination and its development submitted to different doses. Sunflower seeds cv. Multissol were sown in polypropylene trays in substrate incorporated at different concentrations of organic silicon at doses: T1- control; T2-5.0; T3-10.0; T4- 15.0 and T5- 20 g kg-1 (BioMarkan®, 90% SiO2), totaling 128 repetitions per treatment. The germination percentage was evaluated in five periods (3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th and 15th day). On the 20th day, the seedlings were evaluated in terms of: number of leaves, shoot length, stem diameter, total fresh and dry mass. Subsequently, the analysis of chemical concentration of silicon in the seedlings and microanalysis of X-rays in the leaves of the sunflower seedlings were carried out. The interaction between treatments and germination days was significant for days where germination was higher on the 6th day. The silicon incorporated into the substrate accelerates the germination of sunflower seeds cv. multisol. The sunflower cv. Multissol is a silicon accumulator and presents better ultrastructural development up to a concentration of 10 g kg-1 of silicon.Silicon is considered a beneficial element for several plants, especially in crops with potential for residual biodiesel, and can provide an increase in dry matter in oilseeds. The objective of this work was to evaluate the accumulative power of silicon on sunflower germination and its development when submitted to different doses. Sunflower seeds cv. Multissol were sown in polypropylene trays in substrate incorporated at different concentrations of organic silicon, in treatments: T1 - control; T2 - 5.0; T3 - 10.0; T4 - 15.0 and T5 – 20.0 g kg-1 (BioMarkan®, 90% SiO2), totaling 128 repetitions per treatment. The germination percentage was evaluated in five periods (3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th and 15th day). On the 20th day, the seedlings were evaluated in terms of: number of leaves, shoot length, stem diameter, total fresh and dry mass. Subsequently, the analysis of chemical concentration of silicon in the seedlings and X-ray microanalysis in the leaves of the sunflower seedlings were carried out. The interaction between treatments and germination days was significant for the days in which germination was higher on the 6th day. The silicon incorporated into the substrate accelerates the germination of sunflower seeds cv. Multissol. The sunflower cv. Multissol is a silicon accumulator and improves development up to a concentration of 10 g kg-1 of silicon

Incidental fishing of Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822) : the vulnerability of a critically endangered species of the Brazilian coast

Epinephelus itajara, popularly known as grouper, has a wide distribution and is considered the largest fish in the Atlantic Ocean. Behavioral characteristics allied to overfishing and degradation of marine habitats caused declines in E. itajara populations throughout the entire geographic distribution area. The goliath grouper is currently ranked on the IUCN RedList as Vulnerable in Global Status and Critically Endangered in the Gulf of Mexico. In Brazil, even with a fishing moratorium that has protected it since 2002, the species is categorized as critically endangered in the Red Book of the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade. Taking into account these factors and the information gap on the goliath grouper, this study addresses an account of an occasional “post mortem” encounter with a specimen on the edge of Pajuçara beach, Maceió - Alagoas. It was an adult individual, whose size was estimated at 1.6 m and 70 kg of body mass. This study also presents discussions about the conservation status of the species and the efficiency in the management of marine protected areas, revealing that even with many marine protection areas, incidental captures and port records are still recurrent on the Brazilian coast. This record highlights the need to reinforce inspections, in addition to suggesting that the management of these areas be more efficient, ensuring the reestablishment of grouper populations in the region.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Chemical Composition and In Vitro

The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and the identification and quantification of components were achieved with the use of GC-MS analysis. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the method of sequestration of DPPH. Essential oils were used for study the cytotoxic front larvae of Artemia salina. In the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of essential oils, we employed the disk-diffusion method. The potential larvicide in mosquito larvae of the third stage of development of Aedes aegypti to different concentrations of essential oils was evaluated. The major compounds found in the essential oils of M. piperita were linalool (51.8%) and epoxyocimene (19.3%). The percentage of antioxidant activity was 79.9±1.6%. The essential oil showed LC50 = 414.6 μg/mL front of A. saline and is considered highly toxic. It shows sensitivity and halos significant inhibition against E. coli. The essential possessed partial larvicidal efficiency against A. aegypti

Checklist of the birds of Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil: diversity and conservation

Several phytogeographic regions (Cerrado, Pantanal, Atlantic Forest, Gran Chaco, and Chiquitano Dry Forests) converge in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and influence regional biodiversity. Despite a list of birds in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul being published by Nunes et al. (2017), it is necessary to update and critically review avifauna records. In this study, we gathered the results of several records obtained from species lists and online data platforms of the 336 sites in this state over the last decades and grouped them into Main (Primary and Secondary) and Tertiary Lists. The avifauna of Mato Grosso do Sul is composed of 678 species, of which 643 (95%) have records proving their occurrence (Primary List), whereas 34 still lack documentation (Secondary List). The number of related species for Mato Grosso do Sul represents 34% of the Brazilian avifauna. Some species stand out for their unique occurrence in Mato Grosso do Sul, such as Melanerpes cactorum, Celeus lugubris, Phaethornis subochraceus, and Cantorchilus guarayanus, reflecting the influence of different phytogeographic regions of the Chaco and Chiquitano Dry Forests. Migrants represent 20% of the bird community occurring in the state, of which 93 species correspond to migrants from various regions of South America (south and west) and 40 to boreal migrants. Thirty-three species perform nomadic movements across the Pantanal Plain and other regions of the state. Thirty-one species are included in some conservation-threatened categories of global and/or national endangered species lists. Other 30 species are included in the near-threatened category at the global level and 23 at the national level. In addition, species typical of dry forests (in Serra da Bodoquena and Maciço do Urucum) and those from the Atlantic Forest in the south of the state deserve attention due to their restricted distribution and the high anthropogenic pressure on their habitat

Checklist of the birds of Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil: diversity and conservation

Several phytogeographic regions (Cerrado, Pantanal, Atlantic Forest, Gran Chaco, and Chiquitano Dry Forests) converge in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and influence regional biodiversity. Despite a list of birds in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul being published by Nunes et al. (2017), it is necessary to update and critically review avifauna records. In this study, we gathered the results of several records obtained from species lists and online data platforms of the 336 sites in this state over the last decades and grouped them into Main (Primary and Secondary) and Tertiary Lists. The avifauna of Mato Grosso do Sul is composed of 678 species, of which 643 (95%) have records proving their occurrence (Primary List), whereas 34 still lack documentation (Secondary List). The number of related species for Mato Grosso do Sul represents 34% of the Brazilian avifauna. Some species stand out for their unique occurrence in Mato Grosso do Sul, such as Melanerpes cactorum, Celeus lugubris, Phaethornis subochraceus, and Cantorchilus guarayanus, reflecting the influence of different phytogeographic regions of the Chaco and Chiquitano Dry Forests. Migrants represent 20% of the bird community occurring in the state, of which 93 species correspond to migrants from various regions of South America (south and west) and 40 to boreal migrants. Thirty-three species perform nomadic movements across the Pantanal Plain and other regions of the state. Thirty-one species are included in some conservation-threatened categories of global and/or national endangered species lists. Other 30 species are included in the near-threatened category at the global level and 23 at the national level. In addition, species typical of dry forests (in Serra da Bodoquena and Maciço do Urucum) and those from the Atlantic Forest in the south of the state deserve attention due to their restricted distribution and the high anthropogenic pressure on their habitat