Adición a Internet o uso problemático de Internet: ¿Qué término usar?

O uso da internet tem aumentado exponencialmente a nível mundial. Ainda que ele não seja por si só negativo, já que integra benefícios vários, alguns indivíduos parecem exibir problemas relacionados com o seu uso excessivo, descontrolado e disfuncional. Consequentemente, tem sido crescente, particularmente nas últimas duas décadas, o interesse dos investigadores em explorar este uso, quando excessivo e pouco saudável. Porém, e sendo um tema/constructo tratado por diferentes autores com quadros teóricos também diferentes, são vários os termos usados na literatura para descrever este fenómeno. Neste sentido, este artigo propõe-se a apresentar o trabalho uma revisão de literatura de dois dos conceitos mais usados e espartilhados na literatura científica, ou seja, adição à internet e uso problemático da internet.L’utilisation d’ Internet a augmenté de manière exponentielle dans le monde. Bien que l’utilisation d’ Internet ne soit pas négative en soi, étant donné qu’elle intègre plusieurs avantages, certaines personnes semblent présenter des problèmes liés à son utilisation excessive, incontrôlée et dysfonctionnelle. En conséquence, l’intérêt des chercheurs pour exploiter cet usage, qu’il soit excessif ou malsain, a augmenté, particulièrement au cours des deux dernières décennies. Cependant, étant un thème/construit traité par différents auteurs avec différents cadres théoriques, plusieurs termes sont utilisés dans la littérature pour décrire ce phénomène. En ce sens, nous proposons de présenter dans cet ouvrage une analyse de deux des concepts les plus utilisés et les plus partagés dans la littérature scientifique, à savoir l’addition à internet et son utilisation problématique.El uso de Internet ha aumentado exponencialmente a nivel mundial. Aunque esto no es por sí solo negativo ya que integra diversos beneficios, algunos individuos parecen presentar problemas relacionados con su uso excesivo, descontrolado y disfuncional. En consecuencia, en las últimas dos décadas ha aumentado cada vez más el interés de los investigadores en estudiar este uso, cuando es excesivo o poco saludable. Sin embargo, y siendo un tema/constructo tratado por diferentes autores con cuadros teóricos también diferentes, son varios los términos usados ​​en la literatura para describir este fenómeno. En este sentido, nos proponemos presentar en este trabajo una revisión de dos de los conceptos más usados y más divididos en la literatura científica, es decir, adición a Internet y uso problemático de Internet.Internet use has increased exponentially worldwide. Although the use itself is not negative, since it integrates several benefits, some individuals seem to show problems related to its excessive, uncontrolled, and dysfunctional use. Therefore, the interest of researchers in exploring this use, when it is excessive and unhealthy, has been growing, especially in the last two decades. However, being a subject/construct treated by different authors with different theoretical frameworks, several terms are used in the literature to describe this phenomenon. Regarding this, this article proposes to present a literature review of two of the most used and shared concepts in the scientific literature, that is, internet addiction and problematic internet use

Internet use patterns and the relation between generalized problematic internet use and psychological distress in Portuguese university students

Abstract: Internet use patterns, generalized problematic internet use, and the latter’s relation to psychological distress were explored in a sample of 503 university students (Mage = 20.25; SD = 2.75). A questionnaire about internet use patterns, the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale 2, and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales were answered. The students spent 5 hours online on a daily basis. The total generalized problematic internet use index score corresponded to a medium-risk level, with 12.9% of men and 5.0% of women presenting a high-risk level. Higher total generalized problematic internet use risk levels corresponded to higher levels of depression, anxiety and stress. Our results seem to show that university students constitute a particularly vulnerable group in terms of problematic internet use, supporting the relation between generalized problematic internet use and psychological distress.Keywords: Internet use patterns; generalized problematic internet use; psychological distress; university students.Patrones de uso de internet, uso problemático generalizado de internet y su relación con el distrés psicológico en estudiantes universitarios portugueses Resumen:  Se exploraron los patrones de uso de internet, el uso problemático generalizado de internet y su relación con el distrés psicológico en una muestra de 503 estudiantes universitarios (M = 20,25; DT = 2,75), usando la Escala de Uso de Internet Problemático Generalizado 2 y las Escalas de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés. Los estudiantes pasan 5 horas diarias online.  El índice total de uso problemático generalizado de internet corresponde a un riesgo medio, con un 12,9% de los hombres y un 5,0% de las mujeres presentando un nivel de riesgo alto. Los niveles superiores de riesgo de uso problemático generalizado de internet correspondieron a niveles superiores de depresión, ansiedad y estrés. Nuestros resultados parecen mostrar que los estudiantes universitarios constituyen un grupo particularmente vulnerable  en cuanto al uso de  internet y refuerzan la asociación entre el uso problemático generalizado de Internet y distrés psicológico.Palabras clave: Patrones de uso de Internet; uso problemático generalizado de Internet; distrés psicológico; estudiantes universitarios

Anxiety, depression and stress in university students: the impact of COVID-19

A pandemia e a inerente alteração de comportamentos, a par da parca previsibilidade, geraram maior ansiedade na população. Nesse sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar se os níveis de depressão, ansiedade e estresse em estudantes universitários se alteraram no período pandêmico (2020) comparativamente a períodos anteriores/normais. O estudo foi constituído por dois grupos, sendo a amostra 1 constituída por 460 sujeitos com idade média de 20,14 anos, e a amostra 2 por 159 sujeitos com idade média de 20,40 anos. Todos preencheram um questionário sociodemográfico e as escalas de ansiedade, depressão e estresse. Os estudantes que integraram o estudo no período pandêmico apresentaram níveis significativamente mais elevados de depressão, ansiedade e estresse comparativamente aos que integraram o estudo no período normal. Os resultados sugerem um impacto psicológico negativo da pandemia nos estudantes. Importa continuar a explorar as implicações da pandemia na saúde mental dos estudantes, para que se possam prevenir e minorar os seus efeitos.The pandemic and the attendant change in behavior, together with the general unpredictability, has generated great anxiety in the population. In this context, the aim of this study was to analyze whether the levels of depression, anxiety and stress in university students have changed during the period of the pandemic (2020) compared with the previous normality. This study comprised two groups, in which sample-1 is composed of 460 subjects with a mean age of 20.14 and sample-2, 159 subjects with a mean age of 20.40. All the participants completed a sociodemographic questionnaire and were assessed by way of the Anxiety, Depression and Stress Scales. The students evaluated during the period of the pandemic presented significantly higher levels of anxiety, depression and stress, compared with students in erstwhile, normal times. Our results suggest that the pandemic has a negative psychological effect on students. It is important to continue exploring the implications of the pandemic on students’ mental health, so that its effects can be prevented, or at least mitigated.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the Portuguese version of the family resilience questionnaire – short form (FaRE-SF-P) in women with breast cancer

Funding Information: The authors would like to acknowledge clinicians from the Breast and Neuropsychiatry Units of the Champalimaud Clinical Centre (Champalimaud Foundation), for assistance in patient recruitment and assessment, and the BOUNCE and FAITH Consortium members for their contributions to this study. Funding Information: RL is supported by the 2018 Scientific Employment Stimulus from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Portugal (CEECIND/04157/2018). DF, BC, BS, and AO-M were supported by the BOUNCE project (grant agreement number 777167), and DS and AO-M are supported by the FAITH project (grant agreement number 875358), both funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. AO-M is supported by grants FCT-PTDC/MEC-PSQ/30302/2017-IC&DT-LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER, and FCT-PTDC/MED-NEU/31331/2017, both funded by FCT/MCTES and the former co-funded by FEDER, under the Partnership Agreement Lisboa 2020 – Programa Operacional Regional de Lisboa. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results. Publisher Copyright: Copyright © 2023 Almeida, Rodrigues da Silva, Frasquilho, Costa, Sousa, Mourinho Baptista, Grácio, Lemos and Oliveira-Maia.Background: A diagnosis of cancer, and the resulting treatment process, can be perceived as a life-threatening event, affecting not only patients but also their social network and, more specifically, their relatives. While the ability to cope and adjust to difficult health situations may be challenging, family resilience may optimize a positive adaptation to adversity and contribute to enhance the patient’s quality of life. The Family Resilience Questionnaire (FaRE) is a self-report measure of family resilience that assesses this construct systematically. We aimed to validate the Portuguese version of a short form of the FaRE (FaRE-SF-P) in a sample of women with breast cancer. Methods: 147 women recently diagnosed with early breast cancer were recruited at the Champalimaud Clinical Centre in Lisbon. Participants completed psychometric assessment including the Portuguese version of the FaRE-SF-P, composed by two subscales of the original version – the FaRE Perceived Family Coping (FaRE-PFC) and the FaRE Communication and Cohesion (FaRE-CC). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to assess the factor structure of the FaRE-SF-P. Construct validity was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for divergent validity, and the Modified Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (mMOS-SS) as well as the social functioning subscale from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) for convergent validity. Results: The CFA results confirmed a correlated two-factor structure model consistent with the Perceived Family Coping and the Communication and Cohesion subscales. Internal consistency reliability indicated good values both for Perceived Family Coping and Communication and Cohesion subscales. The results for construct validity showed acceptable convergent and divergent validity. Discussion: The FaRE-SF-P showed good psychometric properties demonstrating to be a valid and reliable family resilience measure to use in Portuguese women diagnosed with breast cancer. Since FaRE-SF-P is a short instrument it may be a useful screening tool in an oncological clinical practice routine.publishersversionpublishe

Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the Portuguese version of the family resilience questionnaire – short form (FaRE-SF-P) in women with breast cancer

Background: A diagnosis of cancer, and the resulting treatment process, can be perceived as a life-threatening event, affecting not only patients but also their social network and, more specifically, their relatives. While the ability to cope and adjust to difficult health situations may be challenging, family resilience may optimize a positive adaptation to adversity and contribute to enhance the patient’s quality of life. The Family Resilience Questionnaire (FaRE) is a self-report measure of family resilience that assesses this construct systematically. We aimed to validate the Portuguese version of a short form of the FaRE (FaRE-SF-P) in a sample of women with breast cancer. Methods: 147 women recently diagnosed with early breast cancer were recruited at the Champalimaud Clinical Centre in Lisbon. Participants completed psychometric assessment including the Portuguese version of the FaRE-SF-P, composed by two subscales of the original version – the FaRE Perceived Family Coping (FaRE-PFC) and the FaRE Communication and Cohesion (FaRE-CC). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to assess the factor structure of the FaRE-SF-P. Construct validity was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for divergent validity, and the Modified Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (mMOSSS) as well as the social functioning subscale from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) for convergent validity. Results: The CFA results confirmed a correlated two-factor structure model consistent with the Perceived Family Coping and the Communication and Cohesion subscales. Internal consistency reliability indicated good values both for Perceived Family Coping and Communication and Cohesion subscales. The results for construct validity showed acceptable convergent and divergent validity. Discussion: The FaRE-SF-P showed good psychometric properties demonstrating to be a valid and reliable family resilience measure to use in Portuguese women diagnosed with breast cancer. Since FaRE-SF-P is a short instrument it may be a useful screening tool in an oncological clinical practice routineinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the Portuguese version of the family resilience questionnaire – short form (FaRE-SF-P) in women with breast cancer

BackgroundA diagnosis of cancer, and the resulting treatment process, can be perceived as a life-threatening event, affecting not only patients but also their social network and, more specifically, their relatives. While the ability to cope and adjust to difficult health situations may be challenging, family resilience may optimize a positive adaptation to adversity and contribute to enhance the patient’s quality of life. The Family Resilience Questionnaire (FaRE) is a self-report measure of family resilience that assesses this construct systematically. We aimed to validate the Portuguese version of a short form of the FaRE (FaRE-SF-P) in a sample of women with breast cancer.Methods147 women recently diagnosed with early breast cancer were recruited at the Champalimaud Clinical Centre in Lisbon. Participants completed psychometric assessment including the Portuguese version of the FaRE-SF-P, composed by two subscales of the original version – the FaRE Perceived Family Coping (FaRE-PFC) and the FaRE Communication and Cohesion (FaRE-CC). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to assess the factor structure of the FaRE-SF-P. Construct validity was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for divergent validity, and the Modified Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (mMOS-SS) as well as the social functioning subscale from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) for convergent validity.ResultsThe CFA results confirmed a correlated two-factor structure model consistent with the Perceived Family Coping and the Communication and Cohesion subscales. Internal consistency reliability indicated good values both for Perceived Family Coping and Communication and Cohesion subscales. The results for construct validity showed acceptable convergent and divergent validity.DiscussionThe FaRE-SF-P showed good psychometric properties demonstrating to be a valid and reliable family resilience measure to use in Portuguese women diagnosed with breast cancer. Since FaRE-SF-P is a short instrument it may be a useful screening tool in an oncological clinical practice routine

Perfeccionismo e depressão pós-parto

Tese de doutoramento em Medicina (Ciências Biomédicas), apresentado à Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de CoimbraIntrodução: São escassos os estudos que investigam a relação entre a depressão e as características de personalidade, nomeadamente o perfeccionismo. Objectivos: Avaliar o papel do perfeccionismo na depressão pós-parto. A prevalência de depressão em toda a vida e a prevalência e incidência de depressão perinatal foram igualmente estimadas. Métodos: 386 mulheres no terceiro trimestre de gravidez (idade média=30.08 anos; DP=4.205; variação=19-44) completaram a Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale na gravidez e o Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), a Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS) e o Profile of Mood States (POMS) e três questões adicionais para avaliar a ansiedade traço, o stresse e o apoio social na gravidez e no pós-parto. Os diagnósticos (CID-10 e DSM-IV) foram produzidos usando a versão portuguesa da Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies na gravidez e no pós-parto e o sistema OPCRIT. Para as análises estatísticas recorremos ao SPSS 15.0 e ao STATA. Resultados: A prevalência de depressão em toda a vida foi de 39.6%/CID-10 e de 35.0%/DSM-IV. A prevalência na gravidez foi de 2.3%/CID-10 e de 1.3%/DSM-IV; no pós-parto foi de 16.6% e de 11.7%, respectivamente. A incidência na gravidez foi de 0%/CID-10 e de .3%/DSM-IV e no pós-parto foi de 7.5%/CID-10 e de 4.9%/DSM-IV. A prevalência pontual na gravidez encontrada usando os pontos de corte do BDI-II variaram de 13.7% a 19.4% e usando a PDSS variaram de 14.2% a 17.9%. A prevalência pontual de depressão pós-parto usando BDI-II variou de .8% a 13.0% e usando a PDSS variou de 3.9% a 12.7%. O Perfeccionismo Auto-Orientado (PAO) apresentou correlações significativas com quase todas as dimensões do BDI-II, da PDSS e do POMS na gravidez; no pós-parto as correlações foram quase inexistentes. O Perfeccionismo Socialmente Prescrito (PSP) apresentou um padrão consistente de correlações significativas com a maioria das dimensões do BDI-II, POMS e PDSS na gravidez e no pós-parto. O mesmo padrão de correlações foi encontrado para os subcomponentes do PSP (Percepção de que os Outros Impõem Padrões Elevados para o Self/PSP-PpO e Aceitação Condicional/PSP-Ac). O PSP-PpO apresentou as correlações mais elevadas com o BDI-II e o PSP-Ac com a PDSS. As mulheres com níveis médios e elevados de PAO e PSP apresentaram na gravidez pontuações significativamente mais elevadas no BDI-II, POMS e PDSS comparativamente a mulheres com níveis baixos nestas dimensões. Este padrão manteve-se no pós-parto apenas para o PSP. O PSP e o PSP-PpO revelaram-se importantes preditores de sintomatologia depressiva (BDI-II e PDSS) no pós-parto e o PSP-Ac mostrou ser um importante preditor apenas para a sintomatologia depressiva avaliada pela PDSS. Nenhuma das dimensões do perfeccionismo se mostrou significativa na predição do diagnóstico de perturbação depressiva (CID-10 e DSM-IV). Conclusões. As prevalências foram mais elevadas quando a definição de „caso‟ se baseou em instrumentos de auto-resposta; a CID-10 produziu taxas mais elevadas do que o DSM-IV. O PAO é um importante correlato para a sintomatologia depressiva na gravidez. A associação preferencial encontrada entre o PSP e o BDI-II, POMS e PDSS reforça o seu carácter eminentemente negativo. O PSP, o PSP-PpO e PSP-Ac revelaram ser factores de risco para a sintomatologia depressiva no pós-parto, mas não para perturbação depressiva (CID-10 e DSM-IV) no pós-parto. Globalmente, os nossos resultados permitem-nos suportar o modelo diátese-stresse (para o PAO na gravidez), o modelo patoplástico (para o PAO na gravidez e para o PSP e subcomponente na gravidez e pós-parto) e o modelo de vulnerabilidade (para o PSP e seus subcomponentes no pós-parto).Context: The studies investigating the relation between personality characteristics and depression are scarce, including perfectionism. Aims: To examine the role of perfectionism in postpartum depression development. Lifetime prevalence of depression and depression prevalence and incidence in perinatal period were also estimated. Methods: 386 women in their third trimester of pregnancy (mean age=30.08 years; SD=4.205; range=19-44) completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale in pregnancy and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS), Profile of Mood States (POMS) and three additional questions evaluating anxiety trait, stress and social support, both in pregnancy and in the postpartum. Diagnosis (ICD-10 and DSM-IV) were obtained using the Portuguese version of the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies in pregnancy and postpartum and the OPCRIT system. SPSS 15.0 and STATA software‟s were used. Results: The lifetime prevalence of depression was of 39.6%/CID-10 and of 35.0%/DSM-IV. One-month prevalence in pregnancy was of 2.3%/ICD-10 and 1.3%/DSM-IV; in postpartum it was of 16.6% and 11.7%. Pregnancy incidence was of 0%/ICD-10 and .3%/DSM-IV and in the postpartum of 7.5%/ICD-10 and 4.9%/DSM-IV. Depression pregnancy point prevalence found with BDI-II cut-offs ranged from 13.7% to 19.4% and with PDSS cut-offs from 14.2% to 17.9%. Postpartum depression point prevalence found with BDI-II cut-offs ranged from .8% to 13.0% and with PDSS from 3.9% to 12.7%. Self-Oriented Perfectionism (SOP) showed significant correlations with nearly of the BDI-II, PDSS and POMS dimensions in pregnancy; in postpartum correlations were almost inexistent. Socially Prescribed Perfectionism (SPP) showed a consistent pattern of significant correlations with almost of the BDI-II, PDSS and POMS dimensions both in pregnancy and postpartum. With respect to SPP subcomponents, the same pattern of correlations was found. SPP-Others High Standards (OHS) showed higher correlations with BDI-II, while SPP-Conditional Acceptance (CA) presented higher correlations with PDSS. Women with higher SOP and SPP scores presented in pregnancy higher BDI-II, POMS and PDSS scores comparing with women with low scores in these dimensions. The same finding was found in postpartum only for SPP. SPP and SPP-HOS showed to be important predictors of depressive symptomatology (BDI-II and PDSS) in the postpartum and SPP-CA shown to be an important predictor only for depressive symptomatology assessed by PDSS. None of the perfectionism dimensions predicted depression diagnoses (ICD-10 and DSM-IV). Conclusions: Self-report measures generated higher prevalence estimates; ICD-10 produced higher rates comparing to DSM-IV. SOP was an important correlate for depressive symptomatology in pregnancy. The preferential association found between SPP and BDI-II, POMS and PDSS reinforces its negative character. SPP, SPP-HOS and SPP-CA showed to be important risk factors for depressive symptomatology in postpartum, but not for postpartum depression (ICD-10 and DSM-IV). In general, our results gives support to diathesis-stress model (for SOP in pregnancy), the patoplastic model (for SOP in pregnancy and SPP and its subcomponents in pregnancy and postpartum) and the vulnerability model (for SPP and its subcomponents in postpartum).Bolsa de Doutoramento atribuída pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Referência SFRH/BD/27288/2006). Co-financiamento POPH/FS

Is positive affect in pregnancy protective of postpartum depression?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the predictive/protective role of negative affect/positive affect in late pregnancy on the outcome of postpartum depression. METHODS: A total of 491 pregnant women participated in the study. The participants were asked to fill out a series of questionnaires, which included the Profile of Mood States, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, psychosocial variables and socio-demographic characteristics and were asked to participate in a psychiatric interview. After delivery, 272 mothers participated again in the study and filled out a similar series of questionnaires. RESULTS: Negative affect was associated with more intense depressive symptomatology, more self-perceived stress, lower self-reported social support, lower quality of life and perception of having a more difficult infant. By contrast, positive affect was negatively associated with these variables. Negative affect in late pregnancy increased the likelihood of experiencing postpartum depression (DSM-IV/OR = 2.1, 95%CI = 1.3-3.4, p = .003; ICD-10/OR = 2.1, 95%CI = 1.5-3.0, p < .001), while positive affect increased the odds of not having this condition (DSM-IV/OR = 2.0, 95%CI = 1.5-2.7, p = .042). CONCLUSION: In pregnancy, negative affect was a predictor of postpartum depression, whereas positive affect showed a protective role. Future studies are required to explore whether psychotherapeutic strategies focusing on decreasing negative affect and enhancing positive affect in the last trimester of pregnancy can reduce the risk of postpartum depression