Compositionally and density stratified igneous terrain in Jezero crater, Mars

Before Perseverance, Jezero crater's floor was variably hypothesized to have a lacustrine, lava, volcanic airfall, or aeolian origin. SuperCam observations in the first 286 Mars days on Mars revealed a volcanic and intrusive terrain with compositional and density stratification.The dominant lithology along the traverse is basaltic, with plagioclase enrichment in stratigraphically higher locations. Stratigraphically lower, layered rocks are richer in normative pyroxene. The lowest observed unit has the highest inferred density and is olivine-rich with coarse (1.5 millimeters) euhedral, relatively unweathered grains, suggesting a cumulate origin. This is the first martian cumulate and shows similarities to martian meteorites, which also express olivine disequilibrium. Alteration materials including carbonates, sulfates, perchlorates, hydrated silicates, and iron oxides are pervasive but low in abundance, suggesting relatively brief lacustrine conditions. Orbital observations link the Jezero floor lithology to the broader Nili-Syrtis region, suggesting that density-driven compositional stratification is a regional characteristic.Funding was provided by the following sources: NASA's Mars exploration program, including contracts NNH15AZ24I and NNH13ZDA018O to LANL. LANL LDRD code XWHW contributed to calibrations. A portion of this research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NM0018D0004). NASA RSSPS grants supported J.I.S., grantnumber 80NSSC20K0239 supported L. Hausrath, grant number 80NSSC20K0240 supported L. Mayhew, and grant number 80NSSC21K0330 supported A.U. CNRS and CNES supported the work in France. DLR supported S.Sc. and D.S.V. The Swedish National Space Agency (contracts 137/19 and 2021-00092) supported S.Si. The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) supported E.C., S.C., and N.T. The Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO, SPAIN) grant PID2019-107442RB-C31 supported F.R., G.L.R., J.A.M., and M

Use of portable devices and confocal Raman spectrometers at different wavelength to obtain the spectral information of the main organic components in tomatoes (Solanum Lycopersicum) fruits

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit samples, in two ripening stages, ripe (red) and unripe (green), collected from a cultivar in the North of Spain (Barrika, Basque Country), were analyzed directly, without any sample pretreatment, with two different Raman instruments (portable spectrometer coupled to a micro-videocamera and a confocal Raman microscope), using two different laser excitation wavelengths (514 and 785 nm, only for the confocal microscope). The combined use of these laser excitation wavelengths allows obtaining, in a short period of time, the maximum spectral information about the main organic compounds present in this fruit. The major identified components of unripe tomatoes were cutin and cuticular waxes. On the other hand, the main components on ripe tomatoes were carotenes, polyphenoles and polysaccharides. Among the carotenes, it was possible to distinguish the presence of lycopene from b-carotene with the help of both excitation wavelengths, but specially using the 514 nm one, which revealed specific overtones and combination tones of this type of carotene.This work has been financially supported by Research Project S-PE11-UN128 of the Basque Country government. Technical and support provided by SGIker (UPV/EHU, MICINN, GV/EJ, ESF) is gratefully acknowledged

Analytical Techniques Applied to the Study of Industrial Archaeology Heritage: The Case of Plaiko Zubixe Footbridge

[EN] In this work, micro-Raman spectroscopy and micro-energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (µ-EDXRF) were applied on microsamples taken from the Plaiko Zubixe footbridge (1927) located in Ondarroa (Basque Country, Spain) in order to investigate the original paint coating and make an evaluation of the conservation state before its restoration. Elemental and molecular images were acquired for the study of the compounds distribution. Some modern pigments such as phthalocyanine blue and green pigments, minium, calcium carbonate, Prussian blue, and hematite were identified. Barium sulfate and titanium dioxide were recognized as opacifier agents. Thanks to the study of the stratigraphies, it has been possible to determine the original paint layer, which includes lead white, ultramarine blue, carbon black, and barium sulfate. In addition, colorimetric analyses made it possible to know the CIELab values of the original layer in order to reproduce the original colour during the planned restoration work. The massive presence of chlorine detected by µ-EDXRF and the corrosion products of the rust layer, in particular akaganeite and hematite, highlighted the atmospheric impact in the conservation of the bridge because they were due to the effect of both marine aerosol and to the presence of acidic components in the environment coming from anthropogenic activity. This work demonstrated the usefulness of a scientific approach for the study of industrial archaeology heritage with the aim to contribute to its conservation and restorationThis research was funded by DEMORA project (Grant No. PID2020-113391GB-I00), funded by the Spanish Agency for Research (through the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, MICINN, and the European Regional Development Fund, FEDER)

Digital democracy : new media and civic engagement. Inmigrants and the internet in the spanish case

Este artículo explora el potencial de los nuevos medios digitales, especialmente Internet, para favorecer e impulsar el compromiso cívico y la participación ciudadana en los actuales sistemas democráticos marcados por lo que viene conociéndose como crisis de la democracia representativa. Tras plantear y situar adecuadamente la reflexión, se ofrece una tipología de usos cívicos de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en aras de ese fortalecimiento democrático. Se concluye con una revisión de la presencia de la población inmigrante en la Red en el caso español, entendiendo que su presencia y creciente protagonismo en el espacio público a través de la web es una vía para su acceso a una ciudadanía plena.This paper explores the potential of the new digital media, mainly the internet, to boost civic engagement in our democracies (which are defined nowadays by what is called crisis of the representative democracy ). First of all, we contextualize the issue. We then offer a typology of the civic uses of new technologies that can promote this democratic empowerment of citizens. Since the increasing presence of immigrants in the public sphere through the internet seems to be a way for them to access a wider recognition of their citizenship, we conclude with a review of the presence of immigrants in the Web in Spai

La crítica al concepto liberal de justicia en la filosofía de Alasdair MacIntyre

A lo largo de la realización de este trabajo hemos podido darnos cuenta hasta qué punto la justicia constituye un aspecto central en la filosofía de Alasdair MacIntyre y hemos intentado extraer las aplicaciones para el mundo del Derecho que se derivan de su pensamiento. La preocupación por la justicia es una de las constantes a lo largo de toda su trayectoria. Estas características del pensamiento macintyreano no es accidental. El primero de los cuatro capítulos de esta tesis afronta la crítica al liberalismos a lo largo de toda la trayectoria del escocés. La justicia cobra tintes de especial herramienta crítica contra el sistema dominante, que el escocés delimita con el término de moderno-liberal. Las notas críticas de MacIntyre, por tanto, abarcan los aspectos fundamentales de las tradición liberal. Hemos acuñado la expresión "síndrome MacIntyre" para indicar un conjunto de anomalías provocadas por la falta de captación del valor de la tradición, y de la efectividad situación de las tradiciones de las que uno forma parte. El capítulo II está dedicado íntegramente al concepto de justicia en MacIntyre que constituye un fuerte contrapunto a las escuelas de pensamiento dominante en la teoría y filosofía del Derecho presente en la Universidad y en la práctica jurídica anglosajona, que han influido notablemente en nuestro entorno en los últimos años. Se examinan con más detenimiento sus críticas al utilitarismo y a las concepciones liberales de la justicia de John Rawls, Robert Nozick, Ronald Dworkin y Alan Gewirth. Se introduce un desarrollo de las funciones del concepto de justicia en la filosofía de MacIntyre que profundizan en la importancia de este concepto como herramienta crítica, epistemológica y regenerativa. Se repasan con detenimiento aquellos aspectos fundamentales de la justicia que son incompatibles con los desarrollos de los autores modernos: el concepto de mérito, de bien común, de autoridad, de naturaleza teleológica, etc. El punto de partida del libro consiste en la demostración de una conexión conceptual interna entre unas y otras: el resultado de ese entramado es una profundización en el concepto de tradición que no sólo es la prolongación de unos argumentos en el tiempo, sino también la incorporación de esos argumentos a la sociedad. El capítulo III se dedica al tema de la virtud en MacIntyre. Se construye a través de relatos históricos de la filosofía, uno retrospectivo y otro evolutivo, correspondiente a la tradición aristotélico-tomista que MacIntyre ha suscrito. Se analizan con especial detenimiento los estudios de MacIntyre sobre Aristóteles, y Santo Tomás. Se fundamenta el por qué de la superioridad de esta tradición. Se intenta rechazar la acusación de relativismo, y fundamentar un concepto de verdad. El título del capítulo IV es El proyecto reconstructivo de MacIntyre. Se desarrollan los conceptos de "práctica", "comunidad", "tradición" y "unidad de la vida humana" para fundamentar aplicaciones en el campo de la Filosofía Política y el Derecho. El sistema de prácticas, comunidades y tradiciones, junto con la estructura narrativa de la vida humana se encuentran conectadas con un concepto de Ley natural. Se estudian las críticas de MacIntyre al totalitarismo, al nacionalismo y al comunitarismo. Se profundiza en la crítica a las instituciones de la modernidad y se proponen vías de progreso de la tradición aristotélico-tomista que suscribe MacIntyre. Hemos actualizado todos estos aspectos incluyendo el pensamiento de MacIntyre a lo largo de toda su trayectoria, teniendo en cuenta toda su bibliografía. Desde el año 1950 hasta su libro Dependent Rational Animals. Se ha actualizado también una bibliografías primaria y secundaria sobre este autor, y se incluye una cronología amplia de su trayectoria vital y académic

Soluble Salts Quantitative Characterization and Thermodynamic Modeling on Roman Bricks to Assess the Origin of Their Formation

The environmental weathering and the formation of efflorescences on the brick walls are studied at the “Casa di Diana” Mithraeum at Ostia Antica archaeological site. Previous studies on subsoil, bedrock, hydrological systems and environmental conditions, and new ion chromatography analysis combined with ECOS-RUNSALT and Medusa-Hydra thermodynamic modelling software, had allowed us to identify the subsoil contamination related to soluble salts. The atmospheric acidic gases, CO2 and SO2, are determined as the main salt weathering species. A dry deposition after a subsequent hydration action from the shallow freshwater aquifer that reaches up to 1 m on the walls is identified as the mechanism of salt formation. An evaluation of potential sources such as the nearby Fiumicino airport, CO2-rich gases inputs from fumaroles and CO2 inputs was also debated. The risk level of contamination the surfaces of the materials should be considered mildly/very polluted with a medium/high risk of hygroscopic moisture due to the high concentration of sulphates.This work has been supported by the DEMORA (Grant No. PID2020-113391GB-I00) projects funded by the Spanish Agency for Research AEI (MICINN/FEDER-UE)

Estudio Descriptivo Sobre La Influencia De Las Variables Personales Y El Fracaso Escolar En La Ciudad Autónoma De Melilla

The analysis of this study has been approached through a questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of two parts. The first is personal and academic data. The second part of the questionnaire contains 46 items. It is a Likert scale of four alternatives. For the statistical treatment of the data it was used SPSS v.21 for Windows. For the two-dimensional descriptive statistical analysis it was used the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis programs. The most relevant contributions, in which the theoretical framework of this research is based, have been the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2014 (DSM-5); Educational Law, especially that related to diversity, as well as the different contributions of studies and doctoral theses related to the investigation. From this study, intervention proposals and new lines of research will be carried out in order to reduce the high rate of failure and early school dropout in this city

Portable and Raman imaging usefulness to detect decaying on mortars from Punta Begoña Galleries (Getxo, North of Spain)

Punta Begoña Galleries were built in 1918 in Getxo (Basque Country, North of Spain) but were abandoned in 1960. Nowadays, their conservation state is very poor. In this work, portable Raman spectroscopy was applied to evaluate the original composition and possible deterioration products of the mortars used in the inner walls and those covering the concrete of the ceilings allowing us to select the most appropriate sampling points. In the laboratory, Raman microscopy and Raman imaging, assisted with scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM‐EDS), X‐ray diffraction and energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (ED‐XRF) imaging, allowed to identify the key compounds to understand the deterioration processes taking place in the mortars of the galleries. The main components of the mortars from the walls were calcite and gypsum. In some cases, alite (Ca3SiO5) and belite (Ca2SiO4) were identified; these components are characteristic of Portland cement clinker. The main components of the mortar covering the concrete were calcite, quartz, aragonite and gypsum. The aragonite identification confirmed the use of beach sand as the aggregate in the mortar. The concrete from the ceiling of the lower gallery is covered with three different mortar layers; the outermost layer is covered with a black crust. In the three mortars, the main components are similar to those used in the mortar covering the concrete from the upper gallery. Thanks to Raman, ED‐XRF and SEM‐EDS imaging, it was possible to map the distribution of the main components through the three mortar layers and also to identify the presence of dolomite {[CaMg(CO3)2]}, which was not possible to detect following single‐point micro‐Raman analyses.This work has been funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the project DISILICA‐1930 (ref. BIA2014‐59124‐P) and by the cooperation agreement between the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and the City Council of Getxo (OTRI2014‐0639). C. García‐Florentino is grateful to the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), which funded her predoctoral fellowship. Technical support provided by Raman‐LASPEA Laboratory and General X‐ray Service of the SGIKer (UPV/EHU, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain, Basque Government, ERDF and European Social Fund) is also gratefully acknowledged

Nature and origin of white efflorescence on bricks, artificial stones, and joint mortars of modern houses evaluated by portable Raman spectroscopy and laboratory analyses

Bricks and mortar currently constitute one of the most important building materials used in the construction of most modern facades. The deterioration of these materials is caused primarily by the impact of numerous external stressors, while poor manufacturing quality, particularly of mortars, can also contribute to this process. In this work, the non-invasive Raman spectroscopy technique was used to identify the recently formed deterioration compounds (primarily sulfates and nitrates) in bricks, artificial stones, and joint mortars from detached houses in the Bilbao metropolitan area (Basque Country, North of Spain), as well as to investigate the deterioration processes taking place in these materials. Additionally, to confirm and in some cases complement the results obtained with Raman spectroscopy, SEM-EDS and XRD measurements were also carried out.This work was financially supported by DEMBUMIES (ref.BIA2011-28148) and funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO). H. Morillas is grateful to the University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU) and particularly to the UFI 11-26 Global Change and Heritage, who funded his pre-doctoral fellowship. Technical support provided by the Raman-LASPEA and General X-ray Service: Rocks and Minerals laboratories of SGIker (UPV/EHU, MICINN, GV/EJ, ERDF and ESF) is also gratefully acknowledged

Public television faced with the challenges of digital convergence: perceptions of audience and TVE professionals

En un momento de crisis del Estado del Bienestar y de cuestionamiento de la televisión pública en una industria de la comunicación marcada por una intensa competitividad, la profunda mutación que está experimentando el ecosistema mediático con el avance de la digitalización invita a preguntarse por el papel que juegan los servicios públicos de televisión ante una audiencia interactiva redefinida como “prosumidora”.Ongizatearen estatua krisian dagoela eta, lehiakortasun gogo batek markatutako komunikazioindustriaren barruan, telebista publikoa zalantzan jartzen ari dela, digitalizazioaren garapenarekin komunikabideen ekosisteman izaten ari den aldaketa sakona dela eta, galdetu beharra dago zer betekizun duten telebistaren zerbitzu publikoek ikus-entzule interaktiboen aurrean (ikus-entzule horiei orain “prosumitzaile” esaten zaie).À une époque de crise de l’État-providence et de remise en cause de la télévision publique dans une industrie de la communication marquée par une forte compétitivité, la mutation profonde que connaît l’écosystème médiatique avec les progrès de la numérisation invite à s’interroger sur le rôle que jouent les services publics de télévision face à une audience interactive redéfinie comme « prosommatrice »