Relationship of Immunization History, Exclusive Breastfeeding and History of LBW with Stunting Incidence in Children Aged 24-59 Months

Stunting adalah keadaan tubuh yang sangat pendek hingga melampaui defisit 2 SD dibawah median panjang atau tinggi badan populasi yang menjadi referensi internasional. Keadaan ini terjadi akibat dari faktor lingkungan dan faktor manusia (host) yang didukung oleh kekurangan asupan zat-zat gizi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan riwayat imunisasi, pemberian ASI esklusif dan riwayat BBLR dengan kejadian stunting pada anak usia 24-59 bulan di Puskesmas Alak. Penelitian ini merupakan observasional anlitik dengan desain penelitian Case Control. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh balita yang ada di Puskesmas Alak yang berjumlah 2073 balita pada tahun 2020. Sampel sebanyak 80 orang dengan menggunakan metode acak sederhana (simple random sampling). Instrumen penelitian ini adalah kuesioner. Teknik analisis dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis univariat, bivariat dan uji chi square. Hasil univariat menunjukkan bahwa 95% reponden memiliki status imunisasi dasar lengkap, 42,5% responden tidak mendapatkan ASI Eksklusif, dan 41,3% resonden memiliki riwayat BBLR. Hasil bivariat menunjukkan ada hubungan antara pemberian ASI eksklusif (p=0,000) dan BBLR (p=0,000) dengan kejadian stunting serta tidak ada hubungan riwayat imunisasi (p=0,116) dengan kerjadian stunting di Puskesmas Alak

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

La prospettiva antistorica ed antieconomica dell’autonomia differenziata di Calderoli: le Regioni come piccole patrie

The paper analyses the effects of the Calderoli Bill on the nature of Italian regionalism. In particular, it highlights the risks associated with the transfer of functions and responsibilities from the State to the individual Regions, which include the potential reduction of resources available to other Regions, thereby undermining their ability to fulfill the rights of their specific territories. This scenario creates a prejudice against the principles of unity and solidarity, transforming the Regions into quasi-independent entities rather than integral parts of a unified country. This development stands in contrast to the concept of the Regions of Europe, which posits that regional divisions should enhance cohesion and unityIl contributo analizza gli effetti del ddl Calderoli sulla natura del regionalismo italiano. Evidenzia, in particolare, che il rischio connesso al trasferimento di funzioni e materie dallo Stato alle Regioni differenziate è quello di ridurre le risorse a disposizione delle altre Regioni, e non solo, per soddisfare diritti sul proprio territorio. Ne deriva un pregiudizio al principio di unità e solidarietà ed un modello di Stato in cui le Regioni appaiono come piccole patrie anziché parte di un unico Paese, in contrasto con la stessa idea di Europa delle Regioni, secondo cui le stesse sono funzionali all’unità ed alla coesion