MUNIZ FREIRE E O DESENVOLVIMENTO GEOGRÁFICO DESIGUAL NO ESPÍRITO SANTO A CONSTRUÇÃO DE UMA HERANÇA POLÍTICO-IDEOLÓGICA NO TERRITÓRIO CAPIXABA

A presente dissertação versará sobre a Geo-História do Espírito Santo e a influência que José de Melo Carvalho Muniz Freire, Presidente do Estado por dois mandatos (1892-1896 e 1900-1904), teve na inserção deste território em uma lógica de Desenvolvimento Geográfico Desigual. Tendo em vista as prerrogativas ainda hoje observáveis de um franco desequilíbrio político-econômico entre a capital e o restante do Espírito Santo, a investigação aqui proposta buscará identificar o ponto de inflexão nesta organização territorial, na qual a capitalidade política de Vitória também adquire ares culturais e econômicos, centralizando todos os poderes nesta cidade e relegando as demais áreas a meros coadjuvantes: territórios integrados e subservientes à Cidade Presépio. Para tanto, serão utilizados conceitos e teorias de geógrafos como David Harvey, Neil Smith e Milton Santos para justificar as hipóteses propostas, além de trabalhos acadêmicos (dissertações e teses) e obras de autores clássicos e recentes da historiografia capixaba, servindo como base para os relatos que aqui serão traçados. Em assim sendo, visando construir tais relatos para mais tarde analisá-los, realizar-se-á uma retomada da história local, partindo desde a chegada dos portugueses e se pontuando os fatos e eventos considerados mais relevantes na conformação do espaço capixaba até o limiar da Primeira República: uma espécie de tentativa de se registrar parte da herança a qual teriam acesso os primeiros governantes deste novo período no Espírito Santo. Ao se alcançar o início do republicanismo estadual serão observados o contexto aqui existente, como sua economia, estrutura produtiva, aspectos sociais, dentre outros temas considerados chave à compreensão de como era o Estado na virada dos séculos XIX para o XX. Dalí em diante serão observados os dois mandatos de Muniz Freire a frente do território capixaba e seus principais feitos, destacadamente a confecção do Projeto do Novo Arrabalde e a estruturação de uma nova lógica de circulação e transportes baseada no setor ferroviário e na reforma, expansão e aparelhamento do Porto de Vitória. Desse modo, crê-se que, a partir da análise do papel que este governante teve para o Estado, sendo considerado por muitos uma das principais figuras políticas capixabas, bem como a partir da análise de seu ideal positivista consubstanciado em discursos de cunho modernizante e obras deveras pretensiosas para a época, se poderá observar com clareza as mudanças na Divisão Territorial do Trabalho capixaba, antes regida pelos extremos do território, Cachoeiro de Itapemirim ao Sul e São Mateus ao Norte, para a capital, somando-se ainda o estreito vínculo criado entre esta cidade e o Estado vizinho à Oeste, Minas Gerais. Em suma, o que se pretende demonstrar neste trabalho é o caminhar da história local e sua mudança de rota pautada em ideais político-econômicos de um personagem que sintetizava os ideais da época e os anseios da elite local, mesmo que, para isso, tenha mergulhado o Espírito Santo em uma estrutura pautada no Desenvolvimento Geográfico Desigual

Determinants associated with obesity and physical activity in the public and private schools of the city of palermo

Introduction: Obesity is a medical condition associated with premature death and it is a risk factor for many chronic diseases. In this context, performing a regular physical activity promotes a healthy lifestyle, with significant health benefits. The aim of the study was to investigate behaviors that increase the risk of obesity and the determinants that encourage physical activity among adolescents. Materials and methods: The HBSC (Health Behavior in School-aged Children) questionnaire was administered to students in Palermo's private and public schools. For the sampling of public schools the protocol of the HBSC Surveillance System was followed; for the private ones it was opportunistic. Results: Private school students are more likely to exercise more than 3 days per week (OR 1.58) and are more likely to exercise more than 2 times a week (OR 2.08). Obese students in private schools in Palermo are more likely to perform physical activity for less than 3 days a week (OR 3.52) and a higher risk of not having breakfast (OR 10.11) and a snack between main meals (OR 3.82) every day. For all the schools examined, it emerged that obese subjects are more likely not to consume fruit (OR 3.13), to stay more than 6 hours a day in front of PCs and video games (OR 3.24) and more than 2 hours a day in front of TV (OR 3.79). Male students are more likely to perform physical activity for more than 3 days per week (OR 1.48) and intense physical activity at least 2 times per week (OR 1.76) Conclusions: It is necessary to intervene early with training on school and family in order to promote correct and responsible food choices and increase the level of physical activity among students. Therefore prevention interventions must be an integral part of coherent strategies based on tests of agreed effectiveness in order to minimize the risk linked to the development of diseases

Monitoring the Agung (Indonesia) ash plume of November 2017 by means of infrared Himawari 8 data

The Agung volcano (Bali; Indonesia) erupted in later November 2017 after several years of quiescence. Because of ash emissions, hundreds of flights were cancelled, causing an important air traffic disruption in Indonesia. We investigate those ash emissions from space by applying the RSTASH algorithm for the first time to Himawari-8 data and using an ad hoc implementation scheme to reduce the time of the elaboration processes. Himawari-8 is a new generation Japanese geostationary meteorological satellite, whose AHI (Advanced Himawari Imager) sensor offers improved features, in terms of spectral, spatial and temporal resolution, in comparison with the previous imagers of the MTSAT (Multi-Functional Transport Satellite) series. Those features should guarantee further improvements in monitoring rapidly evolving weather/environmental phenomena. Results of this work show that RSTASH was capable of successfully detecting and tracking the Agung ash plume, despite some limitations (e.g., underestimation of ash coverage under certain conditions; generation of residual artefacts). Moreover, estimates of ash cloud-top height indicate that the monitored plume extended up to an altitude of about 9.3 km above sea level during the period 25 November at 21:10 UTC-26 November at 00:50 UTC. The study demonstrates that RSTASH may give a useful contribution for the operational monitoring of ash clouds over East Asia and the Western Pacific region, well exploiting the 10 min temporal resolution and the spectral features of the Himawari-8 data

Overview of the cerebellar function in anticipatory postural adjustments and of the compensatory mechanisms developing in neural dysfunctions

This review aims to highlight the important contribution of the cerebellum in the Anticipatory Postural Adjustments (APAs). These are unconscious muscular activities, accompanying every voluntary movement, which are crucial for optimizing motor performance by contrasting any destabilization of the whole body and of each single segment. Moreover, APAs are deeply involved in initiating the displacement of the center of mass in whole-body reaching movements or when starting gait. Here we present literature that illustrates how the peculiar abilities of the cerebellum (i) to predict, and contrast in advance, the upcoming mechanical events; (ii) to adapt motor outputs to the mechanical context, and (iii) to control the temporal relationship between task-relevant events, are all exploited in the APA control. Moreover, recent papers are discussed which underline the key role of cerebellum ontogenesis in the correct maturation of APAs. Finally, on the basis of a survey of animal and human studies about cortical and subcortical compensatory processes that follow brain lesions, we propose a candidate neural network that could compensate for cerebellar deficits and suggest how to verify such a hypothesis

Qualitative analysis of determinants of measles, mumps, rubella vaccine uptake in European parents

Background Parental concerns about measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination negatively influence decision to vaccinate their children, this leading to the recently reported vaccine coverage drop in Europe. The ESCULAPIO project, funded by the Italian National Centre for Disease Prevention and Control of the Ministry of Health (CCM), is investigating the main factors underlying decisions on vaccinations, in order to implement targeted campaigns and plan effective strategies. Methods A systematic literature review was carried out on studies describing the determinants underlying MMR vaccination uptake in European parents. Results A total of 45 studies were included in the analysis. The most common factors related with MMR vaccine uptake were knowledge, beliefs, perceptions on vaccines and diseases, reported in 44,4% of the articles. Parents showed doubts on vaccine efficacy, safety, side effects, while in other studies positive beliefs and perceptions were reported. Attitudes/ behaviours were often determinants of the uptake as well as demographic factors (40%). While higher no. of children in the household, lower income, temporary or lacking employment, and non-regular marital status were generally a barrier for vaccination, education level and house tenure were contradictory. Information source/advice and influence or trust of other people, institutions, media were often reported (31,1% and 17,8% respectively), but a clear direction was not showed. Conclusions These preliminary findings showed that communication strategies should provide parents with clear messages on vaccines and preventable infectious diseases, in order to build right knowledge and create correct beliefs and behaviours. Communication should be addressed mainly to more disadvantaged, larger and non-regular families. A quantitative analysis is been currently carrying out and will provide more information on the direction of the effect of the different factor

Advanced satellite technique for volcanic activity monitoring and early warning

Nowadays, satellite remote sensing is an important tool for volcanic activity monitoring, thanks to several operational satellite platforms providing data everywhere with high observational frequencies and generally at low cost. Among different techniques available, an advanced satellite method, named RST (Robust Satellite Technique), based on the multitemporal analysis of satellite data, has shown a high capability in volcanic activity monitoring. This approach has proved capable of identifying and tracking volcanic ash cloud and of correctly detecting and monitoring volcanic thermal anomalies. This paper analyzes some recent results, obtained applying this approach to the last eruptive events of Mt. Etna using both polar and geostationary satellites. In particular, for the first time, this approach is implemented on the present geostationary platform MSG-SEVIRI, with 15 min of temporal resolution. Preliminary results, together with a future potential of this implementation, are shown and discussed. Moreover, a differential RST index in time domain is also proposed for near real-time application, as a possible contribution to the development of an efficient early warning satellite system for volcanic hazard mitigation

Influenza vaccine effectiveness among high-risk groups: a systematic literature review and metaanalysis of case-control and cohort studies

Vaccination represents the most effective intervention to prevent infection, hospitalization and mortality due to influenza. This meta-analysis quantifies data reporting influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) on influenza visits and hospitalizations of case-control and cohort studies among high-risk groups. A systematic literature review including original articles published between 2007 and 2016, using a protocol registered on Prospero with No. 42017054854, and a meta-analysis were conducted. For three high-risk groups (subjects with underlying health conditions, pregnant women and health care workers) only a qualitative evaluation was carried out. The VE quantitative analysis demonstrated a clear significant overall effect of 39% (95%CI: 32%-46%) for visits and 57% (95%CI: 30%-74%) for hospitalization among children. Considering the elderly influenza VE had a clear effect of 25% (95%CI: 6%-40%) for visits and 14% (95%CI: 7%-21%; p<0.001) for hospitalization. This study showed the high VE of influenza vaccination among high-risk groups, representing a tool for public health decision-makers to develop evidence-based preventive interventions to avoid influenza outcome

Is acidemia at birth a risk factor for functional gastrointestinal disorders?

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are common in early childhood. It has been demonstrated that neonatal acidemia at delivery can lead to significant neonatal morbidity. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between acidemia at birth and the development of FGIDs, as regurgitation, colic, and constipation, in term infants. Term newborns born at the Foggia University Hospital, Italy during the year 2020 were included in the study. As per routine clinical practice, a cord blood gas analysis on a blood sample drawn from the umbilical artery (UA) of each infant immediately after birth was performed, and Apgar score was recorded. One year after birth, each infant's parents were interviewed through a phone call to investigate development of FGIDs, feeding practices, and morbidities. During the study period, 1574 term newborns met the inclusion criteria. The prevalence of infantile colic, regurgitation, and constipation was higher in infants with low UA pH (colic 51.5% vs. 25.4%, p &lt; 0.001; regurgitation 30.6% vs. 15.2%, p &lt; 0.001; constipation 24.6% vs. 16.0%, p = 0.015), with infants having moderate-severe acidemia facing the highest risk for all the examined FGIDs. In binary logistic regression analyses, UA pH and perinatal antibiotic exposure proved to be independently associated with the later diagnosis of each FGID. Conclusion: Newborns with acidemia at birth appear to face a higher risk of FGIDs in infancy. Avoiding low cord blood pH should continue to be the goal for obstetricians, while enhanced long-term surveillance for infants who experienced birth acidemia should be required

Volcanic ash cloud detection from space: a preliminary comparison between RST approach and water vapour corrected BTD procedure

Volcanic eruptions can inject large amounts (Tg) of gas and particles into the troposphere and, sometimes, into the stratosphere. Besides the main gases (H2O, CO2 , SO2 and HCl), volcanic clouds contain a mix of silicate ash particles in the size range 0.1μm to mm or larger. Interest in the ash presence detection is high in particular because it represents a serious hazard for air traffic. Particles with dimension of several millimeters can damage the aircraft structure (windows, wings, ailerons), while particles less than 10μm may be extremely dangerous for the jet engines and are undetectable by the pilots during night or in low visibility conditions. Satellite data are useful for measuring volcanic clouds because of the large vertical range of these emissions and their likely large horizontal spread. Moreover, since volcanoes are globally distributed and inherently dangerous, satellite measurements offer a practical and safe platform from which to make observations. Two different techniques used to detect volcanic clouds from satellite data are considered here for a preliminary comparison, with possible implications on quantitative retrievals of plume parameters. In particular, the Robust Satellite Techniques (RST) approach and a water vapour corrected version of the Brightness Temperature Difference (BTD) procedure, will be compared. The RST approach is based on the multi-temporal analysis of historical, long-term satellite records, devoted to a former characterization of the measured signal, in terms of expected value and natural variability and a further recognition of signal anomalies by an automatic, unsupervised change detection step. The BTD method is based on the difference between the brightness temperature measured in two channels centered around 11 and 12 mm. To take into account the atmospheric water vapour differential absorption in the 11–12 μm spectral range that tends to reduce (and in some cases completely mask) the BTD signal, a water vapor correction procedure, based on measured or synthetic atmospheric profiles, has been applied. Results independently achieved by both methods during recent Mt. Etna eruptions are presented, compared and discussed also in terms of further implications for quantitative retrievals of plume parameters