α‐Functionalization of imines via visible light photoredox catalysis

The innate electrophilicity of imine building blocks has been exploited in organic synthetic chemistry for decades. Inspired by the resurgence in photocatalysis, imine reactivity has now been redesigned through the generation of unconventional and versatile radical intermediates under mild reaction conditions. While novel photocatalytic approaches have broadened the range and applicability of conventional radical additions to imine acceptors, the possibility to use these imines as latent nucleophiles via single‐electron reduction has also been uncovered. Thus, multiple research programs have converged on this issue, delivering creative and practical strategies to achieve racemic and asymmetric α‐functionalizations of imines under visible light photoredox catalysisThis research was funded by the European Research Council, grant number 647550; the Spanish Government, grant number RTI2018-095038-B-I00; the “Comunidad de Madrid” and European Structural Funds, grant number S2018/NMT-436

A fuzzy random forest

AbstractWhen individual classifiers are combined appropriately, a statistically significant increase in classification accuracy is usually obtained. Multiple classifier systems are the result of combining several individual classifiers. Following Breiman’s methodology, in this paper a multiple classifier system based on a “forest” of fuzzy decision trees, i.e., a fuzzy random forest, is proposed. This approach combines the robustness of multiple classifier systems, the power of the randomness to increase the diversity of the trees, and the flexibility of fuzzy logic and fuzzy sets for imperfect data management. Various combination methods to obtain the final decision of the multiple classifier system are proposed and compared. Some of them are weighted combination methods which make a weighting of the decisions of the different elements of the multiple classifier system (leaves or trees). A comparative study with several datasets is made to show the efficiency of the proposed multiple classifier system and the various combination methods. The proposed multiple classifier system exhibits a good accuracy classification, comparable to that of the best classifiers when tested with conventional data sets. However, unlike other classifiers, the proposed classifier provides a similar accuracy when tested with imperfect datasets (with missing and fuzzy values) and with datasets with noise

El Sexting no siempre es deseado: consecuencias sobre la satisfacción y el papel de la coerción sexual y la victimización sexual en línea

The understanding of sexting as a new form of interpersonal communication is increasing; however, little is known about whether the incidence, correlates, and outcomes of sexting vary depending on whether such behavior is done willingly or not. In this non-experimental study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence, predictors, and consequences of sexting among 310 Spanish young adults, who completed an online survey re-garding their previous experiences of wanted and unwanted sexting behav-iors, their sexual coercion and online sexual victimization experiences, and their levels of sexual and life satisfaction. The results showed that more than half and one third of the sample had been involved in wanted and unwanted sexting behaviors, respectively. Additionally, sexual coercion and online sexual victimization predicted a higher probability of engaging in unwanted sexual behaviors and, with that, a decrease of life satisfaction. Finally, having experienced more instances of sexual coercion was associated with lower life satisfaction by increasing the likelihood of suffering online sexual victimization experiences and engaging in additional unwanted sexting behaviors. Our findings show the importance of discerning between wanted and unwanted sexting and how doing so differently conditions the predictors and consequences of this phenomena.La comprensión del sexting como una nueva forma de comunicación interpersonal es cada vez mayor; sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre si la incidencia, correlatos y resultados del sexting varían en función de si se realiza de forma voluntaria o no. En este estudio no experimental, nos proponemos investigar la prevalencia, los predictores y las consecuencias del sexting entre 310 jóvenes españoles, que completaron una encuesta online sobre sus experiencias previas de sexting deseado y no deseado, coerción sexual y victimización sexual online, así como sus niveles de satisfacción sexual y vital. Los resultados mostraron que la mitad y un tercio de la muestra habían estado involucrados en comportamientos de sexting deseados y no deseados, respectivamente. Además, la coerción sexual y la victimización sexual online predijeron una mayor probabilidad de participar en conductas sexuales no deseadas y, con ello, una disminución de la satisfacción vital. Por último, haber experimentado mayor coerción sexual se asoció con menor satisfacción vital al aumentar la probabilidad de sufrir victimización sexual online y de participar en conductas adicionales de sexting no deseado. Nuestros hallazgos muestran la importancia de discernir entre el sexting deseado y el no deseado y cómo el hacerlo de forma diferente condiciona los predictores y las consecuencias de este fenómeno

Electrocatalytic self-assembled multilayer structures based on thiolated Fc-DAB dendrimers: Determination of heavy metal ions by enzymatic inhibition

The development of sensitive and rapid inhibition-based biosensors for monitoring trace levels of heavy metals such as lead and copper ions in environmental samples is of high interest. In this work, we describe the fabrication of HRP sensitive peroxide biosensors based on ferrocenyl thiolated DAB dendrimers as bonding-layer between electrodeposited and colloidal gold nanoparticles and compare their electrocatalytic properties with those of thiolated DAB homologues. The complete electrochemical, kinetic and analytical characterization of these new heavy metals’ inhibition-biosensors are investigate

Estudio comparativo de café de cápsulas

Con este proyecto lo que se pretende es determinar la concentración de Zn, Fe y Na en diferentes muestras de café preparadas a partir de cápsulas, realizando un estudio tanto en agua destilada como en agua de red con patrones externos. Para el caso del Na también se ha realizado el estudio mediante adición de patrón para poder comparar con el estudio con patrones externos. Se ha realizado a su vez una comparación entre las diferentes variedades de café que existen y dos marcas comerciales, nespresso y Dolce gusto

El nuevo marco internacional de la fiscalidad de las multinacionales

43 p.Este trabajo tiene como objetivo ofrecer una visión introductoria acerca del alcance y las implicaciones de la reforma del marco internacional de la fiscalidad de las multinacionales acordada en la reunión del G7 de junio de 2021 y posteriormente asumida por 132 países, así como por el G20. Inicialmente se exponen los fundamentos del sistema que ha estado vigente desde hace un siglo, así como las deficiencias puestas de manifiesto a lo largo del tiempo, acentuadas en un contexto de globalización y digitalización. Posteriormente, tras aludir a los antecedentes sobre la materia, se efectúa un repaso del desarrollo del proyecto impulsado por la OCDE para hacer frente al fenómeno BEPS, en el que se basa el referido acuerdo del G7. Los principales aspectos de éste, sustentando en los denominados Pilares Uno y Dos, son objeto de exposición y análisis. Su implementación representa un hito de gran trascendencia que dará lugar a una importante transformación en el ámbito de la fiscalidad de las multinacionales.This paper aims to provide an introductory view on the scope and implications of the reform of the international framework for multinational taxation agreed at the G7 meeting in June 2021 and subsequently assumed by 132 countries, as well as by the G20. Initially, the foundations of the system in place for a century are exposed, as well as the deficiencies revealed over time, accentuated in a context of globalization and digitization. Subsequently, after a brief background on the matter, a review is made of the development of the project promoted by the OECD to deal with the BEPS phenomenon, on which the aforementioned G7 agreement is based. The main aspects of this, based on the so-called Pillars One and Two, are the object of exposition and analysis. Its implementation represents a major milestone of great significance that will lead to an important transformation in the field of multinational taxation

Effects and Risk Assessment of the Polycyclic Musk Compounds Galaxolide (R) and Tonalide (R) on Marine Microalgae, Invertebrates, and Fish

The current research investigated the potential environmental risk of the polycyclic musk compounds, Galaxolide (R) (HHCB) and Tonalide (R) (AHTN), in the marine environments. These substances are lipophilic, bioaccumulated, and potentially biomagnified in aquatic organisms. To understand the toxicity of HHCB and AHTN, acute toxicity tests were performed by exposing marine microalgae (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Tretraselmis chuii, and Isochrysis galbana), crustaceans (Artemia franciscana), echinoderms (Paracentrotus lividus), bivalves (Mytilus galloprovincialis), fish (Sparus aurata), and a candidate freshwater microalga (Raphidocelis subcapitata) to environmentally relevant concentrations (0.005-5 mu g/L) following standardized protocols (US EPA, Environment Canada and OECD). P. tricornutum and I. galbana were sensitive to both substances and for P. tricornutum exposed to HHCB and AHTN, the IC10 values (the inhibition concentration at which 10% microalgae growth inhibition was observed) were 0.127 and 0.002 mu g/L, respectively, while IC10 values calculated for I. galbana were 5.22 mu g/L (a little higher than the highest concentration) and 0.328 mu g/L, for HHCB and AHTN, respectively. Significant (p < 0.01) concentration dependent responses were measured in P. lividus and M. galloprovincialis larvae developments, as well as S. aurata mortality tested with HHCB. The effect of HHCB on P. lividus larvae development was the most sensitive endpoint recorded, producing an EC50 value (the effect concentration at which 50% effect was observed) of 4.063 mu g/L. Considering the risk quotients both substances seem to represent high environmental risk to P. tricornutum and M. galloprovincialis in marine environments

Presencia de la familia Helicopsychidae (Trichoptera) en la mitad meridional de España peninsular

La familia Helicopsychidae Ulmer, 1906, cuesta con unas 250 especies distribuidas por todo el mundo y pertenecientes en casi su totalidad al género Helicopsyche von Siebold, 1856, salvo una especie endémica de Nueva Zelanda: Rakiura vernale McFarlane, 1973

Oxidative and Inflammatory Imbalance in Placenta and Kidney of sFlt1-Induced Early-Onset Preeclampsia Rat Model

Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific disorder characterized by the new onset of hypertension plus proteinuria and/or end-organ dysfunction. Here, we investigate the role of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase system as a major component of reactive oxygen species generation, in a rodent model of early-onset preeclampsia induced by excess sFlt1 (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1). Placenta and kidney samples were obtained from normal pregnant and PE rats to measure the sFlt1/PlGF (placental growth factor) ratio in addition to oxidative stress-related parameters, including the activities and expressions of NADPH oxidase isoforms (NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4), components of nitric oxide (NO) metabolism, and antioxidant enzymes. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα, PPARγ) and cytokines IL1β, IL3, IL6, IL10, and IL18 were also measured to evaluate the inflammation status in our experimental setting. Excessive O2●− production was found in rats that were treated with sFlt1; interestingly, this alteration appears to be mediated mainly by NOX2 in the placenta and by NOX4 in the kidney. Altered NO metabolism and antioxidant defense systems, together with mitochondrial dysfunction, were observed in this model of PE. Preeclamptic animals also exhibited overexpression of proinflammatory biomarkers as well as increased collagen deposition. Our results highlight the role of NADPH oxidase in mediating oxidative stress and possibly inflammatory processes in the placenta and kidney of an sFlt1-based model of early-onset preeclampsia

SESAR Joint Undertaking report 2010

Abstract Salmonellosis is a gastrointestinal disease caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars such as Salmonella Typhimurium. This pathology is a zoonosis, and food animals with subclinical infection constitute a vast reservoir for disease. After intestinal colonization, Salmonella Typhimurium reaches mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), where infection is controlled avoiding systemic spread. Although the molecular basis of this infection has been extensively studied, little is known about how microRNA (miRNA) regulate the expression of proteins involved in the Salmonella-host interaction. Using small RNA-seq, we examined expression profiles of MLN 2 days after infection with Salmonella Typhimurium, and we found 110 dysregulated miRNA. Among them, we found upregulated miR-21, miR-155, miR-150, and miR-221, as well as downregulated miR-143 and miR-125, all of them previously linked to other bacterial infections. Integration with proteomic data revealed 30 miRNA potentially regulating the expression of 15 proteins involved in biological functions such as cell death and survival, inflammatory response and antigenic presentation. The inflammatory response was found increased via upregulation of miRNA such as miR-21 and miR-155. Downregulation of miR-125a/b, miR-148 and miR-1 were identified as potential regulators of MHC-class I components PSMB8, HSP90B1 and PDIA3, respectively. Furthermore, we confirmed that miR-125a is a direct target of immunoproteasome component PSMB8. Since we also found miR-130 downregulation, which is associated with upregulation of HSPA8, we suggest induction of both MHC-I and MHC-II antigen presentation pathways. In conclusion, our study identifies miRNA that could regulate critical networks for antigenic presentation, inflammatory response and cytoskeletal rearrangements