Produção de biossurfactantes fúngicos por cultivo em estado sólido e submerso utilizando substratos hidrofóbicos

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, Florianópolis, 2017.Visando a conservação dos recursos naturais, o estudo da produção de biomoléculas, como exemplo os biossurfactantes, tem crescido nos últimos anos. A maioria dos biossurfactantes conhecidos é de origem bacteriana, sendo pouco investigada a capacidade de produção utilizando fungos. Neste trabalho, foi avaliada a produção de biossurfactantes por fungos em diferentes sistemas de cultivo. O fungo Trametes versicolor CECT 20817 foi cultivado em sistema sólido utilizando como fonte de carbono um resíduo da produção bifásica do azeite de oliva. Foi verificada a produção de metabólitos com atividade de superfície e enzimas oxidativas durante 14 dias de cultivo a 25 °C, obtendo-se valores de tensão superficial (TS) da ordem de 30 mN.m-1. O biossurfactante produzido foi classificado como um derivado de lipopeptídeo, sendo capaz de reduzir a TS do meio aquoso para 26,4 ± 0,2 mN.m-1, exibindo propriedades interfaciais satisfatórias. Além disso, o biossurfactante produzido se mostrou particularmente estável quanto a variação de pH e temperatura e apresentou atividade antibacteriana moderada contra Escherichia coli. Também foi investigada a produção de biossurfactantes por um fungo isolado de um resíduo de refinaria de petróleo em sistema submerso, utilizando hidrocarbonetos derivados de petróleo como fonte de carbono. A estirpe apresentou uma velocidade específica máxima de crescimento igual a 0,0184 h-1, obtendo-se um fator de conversão de substrato em célula ( ) igual a 0,5412 g.g-1. A produção de biossurfactantes foi detectada a partir de 6 dias de cultivo, confirmada pela redução da TS do meio (valores inferiores a 35 mN.m- 1). Foi verificado que a produção de biossurfactantes auxilia o processo de biodegradação de óleo diesel, sendo observada uma eficiência de degradação igual a 78,30 ± 0,76 %, nas condições ótimas estabelecidas. Ainda, a presença do tensoativo no sistema interfere na transferência de oxigênio do meio líquido, sendo observada uma diminuição nos coeficientes volumétricos de transferência de oxigênio (KLa). De acordo com as análises de caracterização, o biossurfactante foi classificado como um derivado de glicolipídeo, apresentando estabilidade em relação a variações de temperatura e pH. Estes resultados corroboram para a viabilidade da utilização de microrganismos produtores de biossurfactantes em processos de biorremediação.Abstract : Concerning over the natural resources preservation, the study of the biomolecules production, such as biosurfactants, has increased in recent years. Most of the known biosurfactants are from bacterial origin, with insufficient investigation of production capacity using fungi. In this study, the biosurfactants production by fungi in different cultivate systems were evaluated. The fungus Trametes versicolor CECT 20817 was cultivated in a solid system, using the two-phase olive mill waste as a substrate. The surface active metabolites and oxidative enzymes production during 14 days of cultivation at 25 °C was verified, obtaining surface tension (ST) in the order of 30 mN.m-1. The biosurfactant produced was classified as a lipopeptide derivative, being able to reduce the ST of the aqueous medium to 26.4 ± 0.2 mN.m-1, exhibiting satisfactory interfacial properties. In addition, the biosurfactant produced by T. versicolor proved to be particularly stable in pH and temperature and exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. We also investigated the biosurfactant production by fungus isolated from oil refinery residue in submerged system using petroleum-derived hydrocarbon as a carbon source. The strain showed a specific growth rate of 0.0197 ± 0.0184 h-1 and it was obtained a cell yield coefficient ( / ) equal to 0.5412 g.g-1. The expressive biosurfactant production was detected from 6 days of cultivation, confirmed by the reduction of the ST values. It was verified that the biosurfactant production enhanced the diesel oil biodegradation process, where a degradation efficiency equal to 78.30 ± 0.76 % was observed under the optimal conditions established. Furthermore, the presence of surfactant in the system influence the oxygen transfer in the liquid medium and it was observed a decrease in the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficients (KLa). According to the characterization analyzes, the biosurfactant was classified as a glycolipid derivative, presenting good stability in relation to temperature and pH variations. These results corroborate the viability of the use of biosurfactant producer microorganisms in bioremediation processes

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

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Biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles from mineral coal tailings in a stirred tank reactor

Chemical oxidation of mineral coal tailings is one of the most important environmental issues during the lifetime of a mine. The presence of sulfur compounds favors the occurrence of metal acid leaching, which contaminates water with bioaccumulative metals, rendering it unsuitable for domestic and agricultural use. The biomining of residual iron present in these tailings and its transformation into high added-value by-products is economically and environmentally attractive. The extraction of residual iron from rhomboclase and its transformation into nanoparticles by Rhodococcus erythropolis ATCC 4277 free-cells in a stirred tank reactor was studied. R. erythropolis ATCC 4277 biomining capacity was improved by diminishing stirring rate and oxygen flow rate of stirred tank reactor. According to the results of the 22 full factorial design, smaller sizes of iron-based nanoparticles (< 50 nm) were achieved when a stirring rate of 100 rpm and an oxygen flow rate of 0.1 L.min−1 were used. Composition analyses (XRD, FTIR, TEM, EDS and Mössbauer spectroscopy) showed that the synthesized nanoparticles are formed by iron oxide (β-Fe2O3 and α-Fe2O3). The proposed biomining process represents an environmental-friendly and sustainable process for the transformation of mineral coal tailings into products with greater added value.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)2019/07659-

How Biomining has been Used to Recover Metals from Ores and Waste? A Review

The recovery of metals present in low-grade ores and waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is essential for the development of new technologies and the supply of existing production chains. Conventional recovery processes are energy-intensive, non-selective towards some metals, and mostly they are not eco-friendly. Thus, biomining appears as an interesting alternative, because microorganisms are used to promote the bioleaching or bio-oxidation of metals present metal-rich materials under mild conditions of pressure and temperature. Biomining can be industrially applied, but it still needs some improvement such as diminishing the time required, the robustness and reliability of biological systems, and the optimization of process parameters. In this review, we present the current frontiers in biomining scale-up and some future perspectives, a brief discussion about microorganisms involved in the mining processes to several ores, and biochemical reaction mechanisms in bioleaching and bio-oxidation processes.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)2019/07659-42019/19144-